Ord No 01-22-2422ORDINANCE NO. 01-22-2422
An Ordinance amending the City of South Miami Code of Ordinances to create
"Chapter 15D -Environmental Protection" to create definitions, adopt
regulations on the use of gas-powered Landscaping Equipment within the City of
South Miami, provide for a temporary suspension for storm and hurricane
cleanup, establish enforcement and penalty provisions, and provide for a financial
hardship waiver.
WHEREAS, the City of South Miami ("City") declares that it is in the interest of the public
health, safety, and welfare of its residents and visitors to reduce litter and pollutants on the land and
in the air and waters of the City; and
WHEREAS, a leaf blower is a widely available gardening tool used to manage leaves,
clippings, and other debris; and
WHEREAS, most gas-powered leaf blowers use two-stroke engines, which mix gas and
oil; and
WHEREAS, about 30 percent of the gas the engine uses fails to undergo complete
combustion, and as a result, the engine emits a number of specific air pollutants of concern, such
as: hydrocarbons from both burned and unburned fuel, which combine with other gases in the
atmosphere to form ozone; carbon monoxide; fine particulate matter; and other toxic air
contaminants in the unburned fuel, including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, and
formaldehyde}; and
WHEREAS, a 2011 test by the car experts at Edmunds showed that "a consumer-grade leaf
blower emits more pollutants than a 6,200-pound 2011 Ford F-150 SVT Raptor"2 ; and
WHEREAS, during the Edmunds test, the company subjected a truck, a sedan, a four-stroke
leafblower, and a two-stroke leaf blower to automotive emissions tests and found that under normal
usage conditions -alternating the blower between high power and idle, for example -the two-stroke
engine -emitted nearly 299 times the hydrocarbons of the pickup truck, 93 times the hydrocarbons
of the sedan, and many times as much carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides as well; and
WHEREAS, the four-stroke engine performed significantly better than the two-stroke in
most of the categories, but still far worse than the car engines; and
WHEREAS, in 2017, the California Air Resources Board ("CARB") issued a warning that
by 2020 gas-powered leaf blowers, lawn mowers, and similar equipment in the state could produce
more ozone pollution than all the millions of cars in California combined; and
WHEREAS, according to CARB's determination, running a gas-powered leaf blower for
one hour emits the same amount of pollution as driving a light-duty passenger vehicle for
approximately 1,100 miles3; and
I https:llww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/defaultlfiles/2018-
Il/Health%20and%20Environmental%20Impacts%20ofllIo20LeafllIo2OBlowers.pdf
2 https:llwww.edmunds.com/aboutlpresslleaf-blowers-emissions-dirtier-than-high-performance-pick-up-trucks-says-
edmunds-insidelinecom.htm 1
3 https:/ Iww2.arb.ca.gov Iresources/fact-sheets/small-engines-cal iforn ia
Page 1 of6
Res. No. 01-22-2422
WHEREAS, in addition to environmental impacts, air emissions from gas-powered leaf
blowers have adverse health effects on workers; and
WHEREAS, counties, cities and urban areas are in a unique position to combat climate
change, because cities and urban areas are responsible for producing 70 percent of climate ch~ging
greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions worldwide\ and
WHEREAS, the City has already taken steps to aggressively address climate change,
promote the use of renewable energy, and reduce our community's emissions; and
WHEREAS, on February 3rd, 2009, the City Commission passed Resolution No. 23-09-
12832 adopting a goal of carbon neutrality for municipal operations by the year 2030 and the Mayor
and City Commission resolved that the "City of South Miami and all of its departments and boards
shall coordinate and implement the Carbon Neutral Initiative, insofar as funds, voluntary efforts, or
other resources become available, in particular, working to partner with efforts of governments,
agencies, institutions and other appropriate public and private organizations in our region, and to
track the progress and implementation of the initiative"; and
WHEREAS, on May 7th, 2019, the City Commission unanimously passed Resolution 59-
19-15331 committing the City to transition to 100 percent clean, renewable energy community-
wide by 2040; and
WHEREAS, the City Commission finds that the use of gas-powered leaf blowers to clear
leaves, clippings, and other debris on public and private property affects air quality, water quality,
contributes to GHG emissions, and impacts environmental health and noise levels throughout the
City; and
WHEREAS, the City Commission also finds that a number of alternatives exist, such as
portable or plug-in electric leaf blowers and non-motorized tools such as rakes; and
WHEREAS, the City Commission wishes to provide a reasonable phase-in period during
which City staff can conduct outreach to inform and educate residents and landscape maintenance
companies of the provisions of this Ordinance, and the availability of alternatives to gas-powered
leaf blowers; and
WHEREAS, this Ordinance will preserve and enhance the environment of the City of South
Miami; and
WHEREAS, the City desires to amend the City's Code of Ordinances to create Chapter
15D -Environmental Protection.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE MAYOR AND CITY
COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI, FLORIDA:
Section 1. The foregoing recitals are hereby ratified and incorporated by reference as if
fully set forth herein and as the legislative intent of this Ordinance.
4 https:llnews.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046662
Page 2 of6
Ord. No. 01-22-2422
Section 2. Chapter 15D of the Code of Ordinances, City of South Miami, Florida, is hereby
created and shall read as follows:
Chapter 15D -ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Article I. -IN GENERAL
Section 15D-I. -Definitions.
The following words, terms, and phrases, when used in this Article, shall have the
meanings ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a
different meaning:
Civil Citation has the same meaning as defined in Section 2-25.
Courtesy Civil Citation means a Civil Citation that informs the recipient of the
violation but that does not penalize the violator.
Electric-powered means powered directly from electricity, and not directly powered
by any fossil fuel, including powered from the electricity given off by a battery or from the
electrical current from an electrical outlet that receives its electricity from a solar panel or
the electrical power grid that is used by a home or business.
Gas-powered means powered by any fossil fuel.
Landscaping Equipment means mowers, edgers, leaf blowers and other equipment
powered by electricity or gas and used for the maintenance of landscaping by an individual
or business.
Leafblower means any air blowing device that uses a concentrated stream of air to
push, propel or blow dirt, dust, leaves, grass clippings. trimmings, cuttings, refuse or debris.
Special Magistrate has the same meaning as defined in Section 2-25 of this Code.
Statutory Interest means the interest rate set by Florida Statute for judgments issued
by Florida courts.
Article II -LEAF BLOWERS
Section 15D-2.1. -Regulations on the use of Gas Powered Leaf blower.
The use of a gas-powered leaf blower is prohibited within the City in accordance
with Section 15D-2.3 of this Article II. Electric-powered leaf-blowers may be used within
the City, consistent with the regulations set forth in Chapter 15D of the City's Code of
Page 3 of6
Ord. No. 01-22-2422
Ordinances (Code). A citation shall be issued to the property owner and to the business that
is oerforming the work using a gas-powered leaf-blowers in violation of this Section.
Private property owners and businesses are encouraged to operate electric-powered
Landscaping Equipment in a manner that reduces noise and pollution generated by the
equipment. including, without limitation, by not continuously running equipment and by
using equipment that operates at a low decibel range (Le., 65 dB at 50 feet)
Section 15D-2.2. -Temporary suspension for storm and hurricane cleanup.
In the event of a hurricane, tropical storm, or similar extreme weather event, the City
Manager, in the manager's sole discretion, may temporarily suspend provisions of this
Article II to permit the use of gas-powered Landscaping Equipment for debris cleanup.
Section 15D-2.3. -Enforcement: penalties.
(a) Beginning on February 1,2022, and extending through October 31,2022, the City
shall engage in public education efforts to inform residents and businesses of the
provisions of this Article II and to provide assistance with identifying alternatives to
gas-powered leaf blowers.
(b) Beginning on November 1, 2022, the City shall provide for a nine-month warning
period through and including July 31, 2023, during which the Code Enforcement
Division may only issues Courtesy Civil Citations.
(c) Beginning on August 1, 2023, (Enforcement Date) the Code Enforcement Division
must fully enforce the provisions of this Article II.
(d) If a Code Enforcement officer finds a violation of this Article II, the Code
Enforcement officer must first have issued a Courtesy Civil Citation before issuing
a Civil Citation. The Courtesy Civil Citation and the Civil Citation must inform the
violator, at a minimum, of the nature of the violation, the amount of fine for which
the violator is liable, the due date for paying the fine and instructions on how to pay
the fine, the right to request an administrative hearing before the City's Special
Magistrate (Special Magistrate) within ten days after service of the Civil Citation,
and that the failure to request an administrative hearing within ten days of service of
the Civil Citation will constitute an admission of the violation and a waiver of the
right to a hearing.
(e) A violator who has been served with a Civil Citation must elect to either:
(1) Pay the civil fine set forth in the City'S schedule of fines and, if none is
provided for a violation of this Article II, then as follows:
a. First violation within a 12-month period -----------$250.00;
b. Second and all subsequent violations within a
12-month period ---------------------------------------$500.00;
Page 4 of6
Ord. No. 01-22-2422
(2) Request an administrative hearing before the Special Magistrate to
adjudicate the Civil Citation, which must be requested within ten days of the
service of the Civil Citation. The procedures for the administrative hearing
of the Civil Citation is as set forth in Section 2-25 of this Code.
(0 Failure to timely request an administrative hearing before the Special Magistrate,
constitutes a waiver of the violator's right to an administrative hearing before the
Special Magistrate, and is treated as an admission of the violation for which fines
and penalties must be assessed accordingly.
(g) A certified copy of an order imposing a fine may be recorded in the public records,
and thereafter the fine and accrued interest on the fine constitutes a lien upon all real
and personal property owned by the violator, which may be enforced in the same
manner as a court judgment, including leVY against the violator's real or personal
property. All unpaid fines, including partially unpaid fines, accrue interest at the
Statutory Interest rate for each day that the fine, or portion thereof, remains unpaid.
After three months following the recording of the order imposing the fine, the City
may foreclose or otherwise execute upon the lien for the amount of the lien that is
owed plus accrued Statutory Interest.
(h) The Special Magistrate is prohibited from hearing the merits of the Citation or
considering the timeliness of a request for an administrative hearing if the violator
has failed to request an administrative hearing within ten days of the service of the
Citation. The Special Magistrate shall not have discretion to alter the penalties
prescribed in this Article II. Any party aggrieved by a decision of the Special
Magistrate may appeal that decision to a court of competent jurisdiction.
Section lSD-2.4. -Financial hardship waiver.
Any property owner or principal of a business that reported a household annual gross
income of 80% of the area median income, or less, on its income tax filing for the most
recent tax year, may submit a written request to the City Manager, on a form prepared by
the City Manager, for a financial hardship waiver of the requirements of this Article II. The
City Manager may grant a waiver if the property owner or principal of the business provides
the following:
(a) income tax filing for the most recent tax year and written authorization to request
such filing from the Internal Revenue Service; and
(b) Competent substantial evidence that:
(1) there is no comparable alternative electric powered leaf blower that does not
use gas; or
(2) The purchase or use of electric powered leaf blower would create an undue
financial hardship.
A financial hardship waiver will only be valid for 12 months but may be renewed
upon application to the City Manager. If an administrative hearing is requested pursuant to
Page 5 of6
Ord. No. 01-22-2422
Section I SO -? .3. a pending financial hard sh ip waiver request is a ground for a continuance
of the adm ini strative hearing. but on ly if the Civi l Citation was iss ued after the submittal of
the financial hardship waiver requ es t.
Section 3. Corrections. Conforming language or technical scrivener-type corrections may
be made by the C it y Attorney for any conform in g amendments to be incorporated int o the final
ordinance for signature.
Section 4. Ordinances in Conflict. A ll ord in ances or parts of ord in ances and a ll sect ion s
and parts of sect ion s of ordinances in direct conflict herewith are her eby repealed.
Section 5. Codification. The provision s of thi s ordinance will become and be made a pm1
of the Code of Ordinances of the City of South Miami as amended.
Section 6. Severability. If a ny section , clause, se ntence, or phrase of thi s ordinance is for
any rea so n held invalid or uncon stitution al by a court of competent juri sdi c tion , thi s holding will
not affect t he validity of the rem ai ning portions of thi s ordinance.
Section 7. Effective Date. Thi s o rdin ance is effective upon enactment.
PASSED AND ENACTED thi s ~ day of February , 2022 .
ATTEST:
ctlv~~
1st Reading : 1/18 /22
2nd Reading: 211 /22
REAOANO
LANGUA
EXEC !.J.:bMrwr-
Page 6 of6
COMMISSION VOTE:
Mayor Philip s:
Commis s ion e r Gi l:
4-1
Yea
Yea
Comm iss ioner Harri s: Yea
Commissioner Liebman: Nay
Commissioner Co rey: Yea
Agenda Item No:4.
City Commission Agenda Item Report
Meeting Date: February 1, 2022
Submitted by: Thomas Pepe
Submitting Department: City Attorney
Item Type: Ordinance
Agenda Section:
Subject:
An Ordinance amending the City of South Miami Code of Ordinances to create "Chapter 15D – Environmental
Protection" to create definitions, adopt regulations on the use of gas-powered lawn maintenance equipment
within the City of South Miami, provide for a temporary suspension for storm and hurricane cleanup, establish
enforcement and penalty provisions, and provide for a financial hardship waiver. 3/5 (Commissioner Harris &
Mayor Philips)
Suggested Action:
Attachments:
Ord_re_Leaf_Blowers__2021__CArev2_pksSKCArev2Amended1st_Reading.docx
City of Naples prohibit gas-powered leaf blowers.pdf
Miami Beach Comm. Memo .pdf
Nat'l Emission re Lawn & Garden Equip - IEI 2015 Paper_Final_041015.pdf
Miami Herald Ad.pdf
MDBR Ad.pdf
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COVID-19 - Updates and Vaccination Information
City of Naples amended its Noise Ordinance to prohibit the use of
gasoline-powered leaf blowers in in the City
In October 2020 the City of Naples amended its Noise Ordinance to prohibit the use of gasoline-powered leaf
blowers in in the City. This prohibition takes effect October 21, 2021.
Battery and electric leaf blowers will continue to be allowed as long as they do not generate a decibel level above
65 dBA. All battery and electric leaf blowers must have a manufacturer's label indicating they meet the noise
level requirements. If they do not have such a label, they are not allowed to be used in the City.
The following is a list of battery powered leaf blowers known to be manufactured-rated at 65 decibels or less.
This list may not be comprehensive, given new machinery is always being released on the market, and some
manufactures do not provide decibel ratings.
______________________________________________________________________
65 Decibel Battery Powered Leaf Blowers List
Black and Decker/DeWalt
PARKS AND RECREATION
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1 (800) 544-6986; www.blackanddecker.com
DeWalt DCBL720P1 – 61 dBA
Echo
1 (800) 432-3246; www.echo-usa.com
Echo 550 CFM – 62 dBA
Greenworks
1 (888) 909-6757; https://www.greenworkstools.com/shop-by-tool/leaf-blowers
GBB700: 82V Dual Por t Backpack Blower 690cfm/165mph – 60.2 dB(A)
GBB600: 82V Backpack Blower 600cfm/150mph – 61.4 dB(A)
Husqvarna
1 (800) 487-595: www.husqvarna.com/us/home
Husqvarna 340iBT – 62 dBA
Husqvarna 320iBT – 60 dBA
Husqvarna 550iBTX – 61 dBA
Makita
1 (800) 462-5482; https://www.makitatools.com/products/cordless
Makita XBU02PT – 61 dBA
Makita XBU03SM1 – 60 dBA
Makita XBU001PT – 60.6 dBA
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Makita XBU04PTV – 61 dBA
Makita VBU04PT – 61 dBA
Milwaukee
1 (800) 729-3878; https://www.milwaukeetool.com/
Milwaukee M18 Fuel – 63 dBA
Ryobi
1 (800)525-2579; https://www.ryobitools.com/
Ryobi RY40440 – 59 dBA
Ryobi RY 40470NWM – 59 dBA
Stihl Inc
1 (800) 467-8445; www.stihl.com
Model # BGA 100 – 56 dBA
Model # BGA 200 – 59 dBA
Model # BGA 57 – 59 dBA
Model # BGA 45 – 60 dBA
Model # BGA 56 -63 dBA
Model # BGA 85 – 64 dBA
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Model # BGE 61 – 64 dBA
TORO
USA 1 (888) 552-5153 or 1-888-384-9940; https://www.landscapersolutions.toro.com
Toro 605 CMF – 63 dBA
NOTE: Not all dealers offer decibel ratings, and not all dealers build low-noise models. For more information on a leaf
blower contact the manufacturer or dealer directly.
Retail stores for products listed in the report
Capri Equipment Center – 11281 Tamiami Tr E, Naples, FL (239) 775-2658
Home Depot – 1651 S. Airport-Pulling Rd., Naples, FL (239) 793-2203
Lawn Equipment Center – 969 2nd Ave N, Naples, FL (239) 649-5995
Lowe’s – 6415 Naples Blvd, Naples FL (239) 596-2570
Sunshine Ace Hardware – 141 Tamiami Tr N, Naples, FL (239) 262-2940
CONTACT INFORMATION
Nick Roberts - Director
Administration O ce
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735 8th Street South, Naples, Florida 34102
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Ordinances - R5 P
COMMISSION MEMORANDUM
TO:Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Commission
FROM:Alina T. Hudak, City Manager
DATE:December 8, 2021
First Reading
SUBJECT:AN ORDINANCE OF THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA,
AMENDING CHAPTER 46 OF THE CODE OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH, ENTITLED "ENVIRONMENT," BY
CREATING ARTICLE X, ENTITLED "USE OF GAS-POWERED LEAF BLOWERS," TO CREATE DEFINITIONS,
ADOPT REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF GAS-POWERED LEAF BLOWERS WITHIN THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH,
PROVIDE FOR A TEMPORARY SUSPENSION FOR STORM AND HURRICANE CLEANUP, ESTABLISH
ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTY PROVISIONS, AND PROVIDE FOR A FINANCIAL HARDSHIP WAIVER; AND
PROVIDING FOR REPEALER, SEVERABILITY, CODIFICATION, AND AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
RECOMMENDATION
The Administration recommends the Mayor and City Commission adopt the Ordinance on First Reading.
BACKGROUND/HISTORY
As a city leader in addressing the impacts and causes of climate change, it is vital to take positive steps to reduce community wide
greenhouse gas emissions. On April 21, 2021, Resolution 2021-34664 was adopted declaring climate change to be caused by
human activity and pledging to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Achieving net-zero emissions will require policy changes and
investments such as regulating the use of gas-powered leaf blowers.
In line with efforts to reduce emissions, municipal operations have begun transitioning away from gas-powered leaf blowers.
Following the adoption of Resolution 2017-29867, the Public Works Department’s Greenspace Management Division has
prohibited the use of gas-powered leaf blowers by its landscape maintenance vendors and internal operations. The Public Works
Department’s Sanitation Division is in the process of transitioning to electric/battery-powered blowers and expect to replace its
existing gas-powered inventory by Spring of 2022.
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At the City Commission meeting on September 17, 2021, the Mayor and City Commission referred a discussion to the Land Use
and Sustainability Committee on the status of the City’s transition from gas leaf blowers and any potential opportunities to reduce
usage. On September 30, 2021, the resident Sustainability Committee held a discussion with City staff and representatives from
Miami Beach United on gas leaf blowers. The Committee passed a motion in support of further reducing the use of gas-operated
leaf blowers citywide to support the City’s goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while improving quality of life. The motion
was transmitted via Letter to Commission (Attachment A).
On October 19, 2021, the Land Use and Sustainability Committee passed a motion recommending that the City Administration and
City Attorney’s Office draft an ordinance to regulate the use of gas-powered leaf blowers city wide.
ANALYSIS
Transitioning away from gas-powered leaf blowers is a positive step for communities from multiple perspectives including reducing
air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, improving water quality, mitigating noise pollution, and promoting operational
effectiveness.
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in the best interests of our community. Exhaust emissions from leaf blowers
consist of the following specific pollutants of concern: hydrocarbons from both burned and unburned fuel, and which combine with
other gases in the atmosphere to form ozone; carbon monoxide; fine particulate matter; and other toxic air contaminants in the
unburned fuel, including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde. For example, the California Air Resources
Board has determined that running a gas-powered leaf blower for one hour emits the same amount of pollution as driving a light-
duty passenger vehicle for approximately 1,100 miles.
Water Quality:
The filling of small engines with fuel is very prone to spillage, which is another major cause of hydrocarbon emissions. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 17 million gallons of fuel are spilled each year just in refueling small engines—
more fuel than the Exxon Valdez spilled in the Gulf of Alaska accident in 1989. It is estimated that every time a gas-powered leaf
blower is filled, approximately 2 ounces of gasoline is spilled. Moreover, the city prohibits individuals from utilizing leaf blowers to
discard debris into the storm drain system and sewers to avoid contaminants from reaching waterways.
Noise Pollution:
Leaf blowers are the subject of repeated noise complaints, particularly from gas-powered motors. On average, electric leaf blowers
can be up to 28% quieter when compared to 4-stroke gas-powered blowers and 13-18% quieter when compared to 2-stroke gas-
powered blowers. Several local, state, and federal agencies across the U.S. have published reports concluding that there are
potential health and environmental impacts associated with noise from leaf blowers and have taken measures to prohibit
equipment over a certain noise level. In order to control the harmful effects of noise, the World Health Organization recommends a
general outdoor noise level of 55 decibels or less, and 45 or less for sleeping restfully. Both gas and electric leaf blowers will
generate noise; however the decibels range considerably for different types of models. Operationally, electric leaf blowers can be
quieter based on the way they are used.
Operational Effectiveness:
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Electric leaf blowers can be simpler for users, who do not need to purchase and have oil and gas on-hand to repeatedly fill the
equipment. Maintenance associated with combustion engines is no longer needed. Technology for leaf blowers has significantly
changed over years, these advancements have allowed alternatives to gas leaf blowers to provide the similar results when
compared to battery or electric powered equipment. Leaf blowers come in a wide variety of styles such as handheld, backpack and
walk behind. They also come in wide range of air speeds and noise ratings. Below are average characteristics comparing gas and
electric/battery leaf blowers:
Gas Electric/Battery
Equipment cost*$99-$780 $20-$400 (with extra battery)
Co2 Emissions production
for 1 hour of operation**
2,885 lbs.117 lbs.
Run time**47-68 min 53-174 min (depending on battery
configuration)
Noise 70-75 dB at 50 feet 56-65 dB at 50 feet
*Cost based on models sold at common hardware stores (I.e., Home Depot)
**Based on data collected by QuietCleanPDX.org
Recognizing the need to protect maintain the health and quality of life of their communities, more and more municipalities are
limiting and/or phasing out gas-powered leaf blowers in the US, including Naples and Key West, FL; Greenwich, Connecticut;
Westchester, New York; Burlington, Vermont; Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Washington D.C.
In October 2021, the State of California adopted Assembly Bill 1346 to ban the sale of gas-powered small off-road engines, many
of which are used in lawn and garden equipment, such as leaf blowers, commercial utility equipment and specialty vehicles. The
law will require newly sold small-motor equipment primarily used for landscaping to be strictly zero-emission by 2024.
The following amendments are proposed to Chapter 46 of the City of Miami Beach Code:
Sec. 46-232. - Regulations on the use of leaf blowers.
The use of gas-powered leaf blowers is prohibited within the city. Battery- and electric-powered leaf blowers
may be used within the city, consistent with the regulations set forth in section 46-152 of the City Code.
Encourages operational use of leaf blowers in a way that results in less of a noise disturbance including not
continuously running equipment and using equipment with a low decibel range (65 dB or less).
Sec. 46-233. - Temporary suspension for storm and hurricane cleanup.
In the event of a hurricane, tropical storm, or similar extreme weather event, the City Manager, in their sole
discretion, may temporarily suspend the provisions of this article to allow the use of leaf blowers for debris
cleanup.
Sec. 46-234. - Establishment of enforcement and penalties.
Similar to City’s regulation on polystyrene (Sytrofoam), plastic straws and stirrers, the Ordinance proposes a phased
implementation including education and outreach:
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Beginning on February 1, 2022, and extending through October 31, 2022, the city shall engage in public education efforts to
inform residents and landscape maintenance companies of the provisions of this article and to provide assistance with
identifying alternatives to gas-powered leaf blowers.
Beginning on November 1, 2022, the city shall provide for a nine-month warning period through and including July 31, 2023,
during which the code compliance department shall issue written warnings for violations of this article.
Beginning on August 1, 2023, the code compliance department shall fully enforce the provisions of this article.
The City’s Environment and Sustainability Department will collaborate with the Marketing and Communications Department on
public outreach during the public education phase. This will include targeted communications with property owners and
landscaping companies.
SUPPORTING SURVEY DATA
44% of residents are either very satisfied or satisfied with the city's efforts to be a "green" or sustainable city.
CONCLUSION
The Administration recommends the Mayor and City Commission adopt the ordinance for first reading.
Applicable Area
Citywide
Is this a "Residents Right to
Know" item, pursuant to
City Code Section 2-14?
Does this item utilize G.O.
Bond Funds?
Yes No
Strategic Connection
Environment & Infrastructure - Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and heat.
Legislative Tracking
Environment and Sustainability
Sponsor
Commissioner Mark Samuelian and Co-sponsored by Commissioners Fernandez, Richardson and Meiner
ATTACHMENTS:
Description
Attachment A: Sustainability Committee Motions
17
12/30/21, 11:34 AM Coversheet
https://miamibeach.novusagenda.com/agendapublic/CoverSheet.aspx?ItemID=24121&MeetingID=992 5/5
Ordinance
18
D
National Emissions from Lawn and Garden Equipment
Jamie L Banks, PhD, MS*
Quiet Communities, Inc., PO Box 533, Lincoln, MA 01773
Robert McConnell, Environmental Engineer
US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109
Abstract
Background: The contribution of gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment (GLGE) to air pollutant
emissions in the United States has not been extensively studied. Goal: Our goal is to provide annual US
and state-level emissions estimates of volatile organic compounds (VOC): criteria pollutants (carbon
monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxides [NOx], particulate matter [PM] <10 microns, including PM < 2.5
microns [PM 10, PM2.5]; and carbon dioxide (CO2) from GLGE, with a focus on 2-stroke engines.
Methods: Pollutant emissions data were extracted from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA)
2011 and 2018 modeling platform (version 6), for GLGE (Source Code Classifications
2260004021-2265004071), and equipment population data were obtained from the EPA’s nonroad
model. Data were sorted by equipment type and characteristics. Aggregate and equipment-specific
emissions were calculated and compared with emissions from all gasoline-fueled nonroad equipment.
Results are presented as descriptive statistics. Results: In 2011, approximately 26.7 million tons of
pollutants were emitted by GLGE (VOC=461,800; CO=5,793,200; NOx=68,500, PM10=20,700;
CO2=20,382,400), accounting for 24%-45% of all nonroad gasoline emissions. Gasoline-powered
landscape maintenance equipment (GLME; leaf blowers/vacuums, and trimmers, edgers, brush cutters)
accounted for 43% of VOCs and around 50% of fine PM. Two-stroke engines were responsible for the
vast majority of fine PM from GLME. State data (California, New York, Texas, Illinois, and Florida),
2018 projections, and additional comparisons are presented. Methodological issues are discussed.
Conclusions: GLGE accounts for a major portion of US nonroad gasoline emissions. Two-stroke
engines are an important source of VOCs and criteria pollutants.
*Corresponding Author: jamie@quietcommunities.org
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INTRODUCTION
Gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment (GLGE) ranging from string trimmers to stump
grinders and tractors is a source of high levels of localized emissions that includes hazardous air
pollutants, criteria pollutants, and carbon dioxide (CO2).1-4 Workers using commercial equipment are
exposed when they are close to the emitting sources several hours each day, several days a week in
seasons of use. Other members of the public, including children, may also be exposed to high levels of
emissions from commercial landscape maintenance equipment (GLME) such as leaf blowers, trimmers,
and mowers, used routinely around residential neighborhoods, schools, parks, and other public spaces.
The commercial landscape maintenance industry has experienced strong growth over the last 15 years
and depends largely on gasoline-powered equipment for most tasks once performed manually. These
factors are raising concerns about the health impacts of GLGE emissions on workers and the public.
Extensive evidence exists on the adverse health effects of exhaust emissions and other fine
particulates which include cardiovascular disease, stroke, respiratory disease, cancer, neurological
conditions, premature death, and effects on prenatal development.5-13 Short term and long term
exposures are implicated. However, GLGE as a source of these emissions has received little attention.
Understanding the characteristics of GLGE and GLME emissions can help estimate potential health
impacts of these close-to-the-source emissions.
The goal of this study was to characterize annual emissions from GLGE at the national level and
in selected states and to estimate the contribution of GLME to those emissions. Special attention is paid
to 2-stroke GLME engines. The emissions contributions from the four of the five most populated states
are derived from the NEI, and for California, from the emissions inventory of the California Air
Resources Board (CARB).
METHODS
Study Design
The GLGE emissions analyzed are total volatile organic compounds (VOC) and individual
VOCs (benzene, 1,3 butadiene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde); criteria pollutants (carbon monoxide
[CO], nitrogen oxides [NOx], particulate matter [PM] <10 microns, including PM < 2.5 microns [PM
10, PM2.5]); and carbon dioxide (CO2). Equipment pollutant data were extracted from SCC summary
reports from the EPA’s 2011 and 2018 modeling platform (version 6), and equipment population data
were obtained from the Nonroad model. GLGE included the equipment in TABLE 1 and identified by
Source Code Classifications 2260004021-2265004071. The GLME subset is defined as leaf
blowers/vacuums; trimmers/edgers/brush cutters; and mowers. Groupings of equipment, eg, leaf
blowers/vacuums, were predefined by the NEI.
“All Emissions” are defined as all emissions from stationary and mobile sources, excluding
biogenic and naturally occurring emissions. “All Nonroad Emissions” are defined as all emissions from
the equipment types accounted for within the Nonroad model; note that this does not include emissions
from commercial marine, rail, and aircraft sources. “Gasoline Nonroad Emissions” are defined as
emissions from gasoline fueled equipment accounted for within the Nonroad model. National emissions
were analyzed by type of equipment and engine configuration as shown in TABLE 1. All results are
presented as descriptive statistics.
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Table 1. Categorization scheme for analysis of GLGE emissions
Type of Equipment Engine Configuration
GLME
Leaf Blowers/Vacuums 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Trimmers/Edgers/Cutters 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Mowers 4 stroke
Other GLGE
Chain Saws 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Rotary Tillers 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Snowblowers 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Turf Equipment 2 stroke, 4 stroke
Chippers/stump grinders 4 stroke
Tractors 4 stroke
Shredders 4 stroke
Other 4 stroke
Analyses
All analyses except for the 2018 projections represent 2011 estimates.
Equipment Populations
The national populations of all types of GLGE were obtained from the Nonroad model. The
contribution of each type to the whole population was determined.
Contributions of All Nonroad and GLGE Sources
All Nonroad Emissions were compared to All Emissions. GLGE emissions were then calculated
and compared with All Nonroad Emissions and All Emissions.
Contribution of Landscape Maintenance Equipment to GLGE Emissions
GLME emissions and their contribution to GLGE and All Nonroad Emissions were analyzed.
Additional analyses were conducted to examine the relative contributions of 2-stroke GLME engine
emissions.
Projected Growth of GLGE Emissions: 2011-2018
GLGE emissions projected for 2018 were obtained from the EPA’s 2018 modeling platform,
version 6, and compared with 2011 emissions.
GLGE Emissions in the Five Largest States
State level emissions data from the five most populated states (US Census) – California, Florida,
Illinois, New York, and Texas – were extracted and analyzed. Estimates of GLGE emissions for
Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas were based on 2011 data from the EPA’s 2011 modeling
platform, version 6. Estimates of GLGE emission for California were based on data from the CARB’s
OFFROAD2007 Model and estimated for 2012. No adjustments were made for potential differences in
annual emissions between 2011 and 2012 California data. The program structure of the OFFROAD2007
Model provides a general overview of the methodology used to estimate emissions from off-road
sources (http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/pubs/offroad_overview.pdf).
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Each state’s contribution to national GLGE Emissions was calculated and compared with its
contributions to the US landscape maintenance labor force and the US population. Labor force statistics
were sourced from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2013 reports (www.bls.oes) and population data
from the 2011 US Census.
Nonroad Air Emissions Model
EPA developed a nonroad air emissions model in the 1990s to provide estimates of emissions
from most types of nonroad equipment, including construction equipment, recreational marine vessels,
and lawn and garden equipment (LGE). The model is referred to simply as the “Nonroad” model, and it
has been updated a number of times since its creation. Documentation for the model exists as a number
of technical reports available on EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm). Total
emissions are determined by summing the exhaust and evaporative emission components.14, 15 The
preponderance of emissions from Nonroad equipment occurs as exhaust emissions due to the
combustion of fuel. The methodologies for determining exhaust emissions are summarized below.
Exhaust Emissions from Nonroad Engines
The Nonroad model uses the following equation to calculate exhaust emissions from nonroad
engines (ref: Median):
Emissions = (Pop) x (Power) x (LF) x (A) x (EF)
Where Pop = Engine population
Power = Average Power (hp)
LF = Load factor (fraction of available power)
A = Activity (hrs/yr)
EF = Emission factor (g/hp-hr)
The derivation of the default model data for each factor from the above equation is discussed
below.
a. Equipment populations and average power (horsepower)
The technical report titled “Nonroad Engine Population Estimates”16 indicates that equipment
population data for most types of equipment were obtained from Power Systems Research, an
independent marketing research firm, although in some instances other data source were used. Of
interest for this analysis, for many LGE categories EPA used sales data obtained from equipment
manufacturers during the development of its Phase 1 emission standards for small (less than 25 hp)
gasoline fueled nonroad engines. This was done for the following LGE categories: lawn mowers,
trimmers/edgers/brush cutters, leaf blowers/vacuums, and chainsaws. The report notes that an
equipment population base year of either 1996 or 1998 was used for the LGE types.
Once estimates of equipment populations were derived, information obtained by the state of
California was used to divide the equipment between the residential and commercial sectors. This step
was needed because of the large difference in usage patterns between these two sectors. TABLE 2
below contains an extract of data from Table 3 of the Nonroad Engine Population report mentioned
above, and illustrates how the split between residential and commercial equipment was apportioned for a
number of LGE types.
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5
Table 2. Percentage split between residential and commercial equipment
SCC code
Application Horsepower
categories
Residential
(% of equipment
population)
Commercial
(% of
equipment
population)
22xx004010
22xx004011
Lawn mowers All 96.3 3.7
22xx004025
22xx004026
Trimmers/edgers/cutters 0-1 hp 100 0
1-3 hp 85.3 14.7
> 3 hp 0 100
22xx004020
22xx004021
Chainsaws 0-1 hp 100 0
1-3 hp 97.0 3
> 3 hp 0 100
22xx004030
22xx004031
Leaf blowers/vacuums 0-1 hp 100 0
1-3 hp 92.5 7.5
> 3 hp 0 100
i. Geographic allocation of residential LGE Populations (except snowblowers)
The Nonroad model uses US Census data on one and two unit housing to allocate national
equipment populations to the county level. The population documentation report mentioned above notes
that other variables are likely to also affect the distribution of LGE population, such as average yard
size. However, no consistent, reliable data surrogates could be found to apportion the national level
equipment populations based on these alternative factors, and so the model relies solely upon US Census
data on one and two unit housing to allocate national LGE population data to the county level.
ii. Geographic allocation of commercial L&G Equipment Populations (except snowblowers)
The Nonroad model uses the number of employees in the landscaping services industry to dis-
aggregate national level LGE population data to the county level. This was accomplished using data
from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS); specifically, for NAICS code
561730, landscaping services.
iii. Equipment population projections
The Nonroad model enables the user to obtain estimates of emissions for years other than the
base year used for equipment populations. This is accomplished by the development of processes to
handle the growth in equipment populations due to the purchase of new equipment as years pass, and
adjustments made to account for the scrappage of old equipment. The reader is referred to the EPA
technical reports “Nonroad Engine Growth Estimates,”17 and “Calculation of Age Distributions in the
Nonroad Model – Growth and Scrappage”18 for further information on these topics. Both of these
reports are available on the EPA website (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm).
b. Activity levels and load factors.
Equipment populations and horsepower levels alone are not sufficient for determining emissions
from nonroad equipment; assumptions about frequency and patterns of use must also be made. The
EPA report, “Median Life, Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions
Modeling”19 describes how the Nonroad model assigns default activity levels, in hours per year, and
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6
load factors in performing its calculations. Load factors are needed to account for the fact that
equipment is not typically used at full power 100% of the time; load factors reflect that and are
presented in terms of average percent of full power for the equipment as it is used. The activity levels
and load factors for small (< or = to 25 hp) spark-ignition engines for many LGE types was taken from
data supplied to EPA during the comment period for the regulation of these engines. TABLE 3 below
contains an extract of the default activity data, in annual hours of equipment use, and load factor data,
expressed as fraction of full power, taken from Table 6 of the above mentioned report.
Table 3. Example default activity levels and load factors for LGE
Equipment type Use Activity level
(Annual hours)
Load factor
(fraction of full
power)
Lawn mowers Residential 25 0.33
Commercial 406 0.33
Trimmers/Edgers/Cutters Residential 9 0.91
Commercial 137 0.91
Leaf blowers\Vacuums Residential 10 0.94
Commercial 282 0.94
Chainsaws Residential 13 0.70
Commercial 303 0.70
c. Emission factors
EPA’s documentation for the source of the emission factors used within the Nonroad model are
contained in the following two reports: “Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine
Modeling: Compression-Ignition”20 and “Exhaust Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling:
Spark-Ignition.” 21 Information pertaining to LGE contained in the latter report is discussed below.
Emission factors for spark-ignition engines rated at less than 25 hp were segregated into 5 engine
classes based on primary use of the engine (handheld vs. non-handheld), and engine size according to
engine displacement. Beginning in 1997, engines designed for both handheld and non-handheld
applications became subject to several phases of regulation geared towards reducing fuel consumption
(expressed in terms of brake-specific fuel consumption [BSFC]) and producing fewer air emissions in
the combustion process. TABLE 4 below contains an extract of information from Table 1 of the
Exhaust Emissions 2010 report, and shows the impact of EPA’s regulation on one such class of engines:
small, hand-held, gasoline fueled two-stroke engines.
Table 4: Impact of regulation on small*, hand-held, gasoline fueled two stroke engines
Engine Tech Type HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
Baseline 261.00 718,87 0.97 7.7 1.365
Phase 1 219.99 480.31 0.78 7.7 1.184
Phase 2 (with catalyst) 26.87 141.69 1.49 7.7 0.822
BSFC: Brake-specific fuel consumption; CO: carbon monoxide; HC: hydrocarbon; NOx: nitrogen
oxides; PM: particulate matter
* These emission factors are for engines sized from 0 to 1 hp.
24
7
Other factors also influence the combustion related exhaust emissions from nonroad engines,
such as fuel type, ambient temperature, and deterioration of equipment with age and use. The reader is
referred to the EPA web-site (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm) for additional information on
these topics.
RESULTS
Equipment Populations
Approximately 121 million pieces of GLGE are estimated to be in use in the United States
(FIGURE 1). GLME accounts for two-thirds of all GLGE of which lawn mowers are the most
numerous, followed by trimmers/edgers/ brush cutters, and then leaf blowers/vacuums. Projections from
2011 indicate a 13% increase across all equipment types after the combined effect of new equipment
purchases and scrappage of old equipment are evaluated, resulting in an estimated 136 million pieces of
GLGE in use by 2018.
Contribution of Nonroad Emissions to All Emissions
All Nonroad sources account for approximately 242 million tons of pollutants each year,
accounting for 17% of all VOC emissions, 12% of NOx emissions, 29% of CO emissions, 4% of CO2
emissions, 2% of PM10 emissions, and 5% of PM2.5 emissions.
All Nonroad Emissions account for a substantial percentage of All Emissions of benzene (25%),
1,3 butadiene (22%), CO (29%), PM10 (2%), and PM2.5 (5%). Because of the relatively small
contribution of GLGE CO2 to All Emissions (0.3%), it is not further considered in this report.
Contribution of GLGE to All Emissions and Nonroad Emissions
GLGE emitted approximately 6.3 million tons of VOCs (461,800) and criteria pollutants
(CO=5,793,200; NOx=68,500, PM10=20,700 [19,000 of which is PM2.5]), and 20.4 million tons of
CO2 in 2011. GLGE represented nearly 4% of All Emissions of VOCs and 12% of All Emissions of CO
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8
(FIGURE 2). GLGE fine PM emissions constitute a fraction of a percent of All Emissions of fine PM,
but is a major Nonroad source, accounting for nearly 13% of All Nonroad Emissions of fine PM and
more than one-third of Gasoline Nonroad Emissions of fine PM.
Analysis of individual VOC emissions shows that GLGE contributes nearly 8% of All Emissions
of both benzene and 1,3 butadiene (FIGURE 3). Within All Nonroad Emissions and Gasoline Nonroad
Emissions, GLGE accounts for nearly one-third or more of benzene and 1,3 butadiene emissions, and
also becomes a major source of aldehyde and formaldehyde emissions from Gasoline Nonroad sources.
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Contribution of GLME to GLGE Emissions
Compared with the GLGE contributions of Nonroad Gasoline Emissions shown in FIGURE 2,
contributions of VOCs and fine PM emissions from GLME are disproportionately high, and for NOx
and CO, are disproportionately low (FIGURE 4). Small GLME engines account for more than 40% of
VOC emissions and one-half of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from GLGE. Close to 90% of fine PM
emissions from GLME come from 2-stroke engines (FIGURE 5).
27
FlJure 4, Contribution ofGL)'1E 10 GLGE mlinionl, US , 2011
lOO_O!i
~~
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ro~
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.~
~~
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ro~
IO .~
.~ =>
Figure 5. COIIlnbul;on of 2-moke ~gi ne , 10 G U ,1E ~"ion.,
US , 2011
100.0%
~~
"~
ro~
~~
.~
~~
"~
ro~
10 .0%
.~ ,= ~ W PM L 5
.2-Strok e GLME .4--Str_GLME
10
Projected Growth of GLGE Emissions: 2011-2018
By 2018, the annual tonnage of ozone precursors, VOCs and NOx, emitted by GLGE is
projected to decrease substantially from 2011, as more of the in-use fleet becomes represented by
equipment built to meet EPA nonroad emission standards. CO emissions remain comparable to 2011
levels, while CO2 and fine PM emissions are projected to increase modestly.
Table 5: Estimated Change in GLGE Emissions,
2018 vs 2011
Emissions % Change
VOCs -20.9%
NOx -31.1%
CO -4.9%
CO2 12.3%
PM 10 8.2%
PM 2.5 8.4%
GLGE Emissions in the Five Most Populated States
When considered together, GLGE emissions from California, Florida, Illinois, New York and
Texas constitute approximately one-quarter of national GLGE emissions.
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Florida’s GLGE emissions were 1.4 to 2.1-times higher compared with emissions in states
having the next highest level of emissions in each GLGE pollutant category, and 2.2 to 4.4-times higher
compared with emissions in states having the lowest level of emissions in each GLGE pollutant category
(FIGURE 6).
For Florida, Illinois, and New York, state-specific contributions of GLGE emissions compared to
the national total were relatively consistent with their contributions to the national population and the
national grounds maintenance workforce. For California, its GLGE emission contribution was one-fifth
that of its contribution to the national population and to the national grounds maintenance workforce.
For Texas, its GLGE emission contribution was 40%-50% that of its contribution to the national
population and to the national grounds maintenance workforce (FIGURE 7).
DISCUSSION
The main findings of this study are: 1) GLGE is a prevalent source of toxic and carcinogenic
emissions; 2) GLGE contributes substantially to nonroad emissions of benzene,1,3 butadiene,
formaldehyde, CO, and fine PM; 3) GLME accounts for a disproportionately large share of VOC and
fine PM emissions; 4) 2-stroke engines account for most fine PM emissions from GLME; 5) VOCs and
NOx are projected to decrease substantially by 2018; CO emissions remain comparable to 2011 levels;
and CO2 and fine PM emissions are projected to increase modestly; and 6) the GLGE emissions
contributions from the the largest states are not always consistent with contributions to national
population and national grounds maintenance workforce.
The large volume of emissions from GLGE found in this study is consistent with findings
previously reported by the EPA1 and from other studies.2-4 The very substantial contribution of VOC, in
particular benzene and 1,3 butadiene, deserves attention especially because of their localized nature.
29
12
While VOC emissions are expected decrease 21% on average by 2018, the rates of equipment
replacement on which those projections are based are only approximated.
Adverse health effects from the GLGE emissions are well known. Benzene, 1,3 butadiene, and
formaldehyde are listed among the four top ranking cancer-causing compounds.22 They cause
lymphomas, leukemias, and other types of cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World
Health Organization).23, 24 Ground level ozone (formed by VOCs and NOx in the presence of sunlight)
and fine PM cause or contribute to early death, heart attack, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer.5-11 Growing evidence suggests these pollutants also
contribute to developmental and neurological disorders, including autism.7-9, 12, 13 The mounting
evidence on the dangers of short term exposure are especially concerning.7, 9, 11
The high levels of VOCs and fine PM from GLME are health risks for workers and other
members of the public close to the emitting source. Although no studies of grounds maintenance
workers were found, studies of gas station workers have shown that regular exposure to gasoline vapors
can produce hematological and immunological abnormalities and elevate the risk of cancer.25-27 In
addition, children, seniors, and persons with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to the negative
health impacts of GLME emissions.28 Routine use of GLME in the vicinity of residential neighborhoods,
schools, parks, and other public spaces may be exposing the public to unnecessary and preventable
health risks. New equipment standards do not affect fine PM emissions; in fact, those emissions are
expected to increase.
School buses represent another example of a close-to-emitting source in which children are
subjected to increased exposure from diesel exhaust.29 Tests of school buses found that diesel exhaust
entering through the front door of the bus results in elevated levels of PM over time. When queuing, PM
built up rapidly in the bus cabin when the front doors were open.
The variation in emissions levels observed among the five most populated states should be
explored further. The reasons for the high emissions contribution from Florida and relatively low
emissions contributions from Texas and California are not clear. Differences between CARB data and
NEI data may account for some of the difference between California and other states. For example, the
NEI baseline equipment population data are older compared with those of CARB. Other factors that may
be involved include but are not limited to emissions estimation procedure, geographic and climate
factors, regulations and their effectiveness, and efforts to promote cleaner alternatives.
This study has several limitations. Not all potentially harmful emissions were characterized; for
example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Other limitations concern the source data. Although the
NEI is a comprehensive source of GLGE emissions data, the accuracy of the reported data is uncertain.
Baseline equipment population data for the Nonroad model is 15-20 years old and does not account for
growth of the commercial industry. This older population data supplies emission estimates to NEI,
which in turn is used to create EPA’s 2011 and 2018 modeling platforms. Although the residential and
commercial CARB inventories and activity data are newer, they depend largely upon telephone survey
data.30, 31 Methodological weaknesses with the commercial survey data are discussed in the survey
report.31 For both data sources, the rates of replacement of older equipment by newer, cleaner
equipment that meets the newer Phase 3 standards32 can only be approximated.
30
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CONCLUSIONS
GLGE is an important source of toxic and carcinogenic exhaust and fine particulate matter.
Improved reporting and monitoring of localized GLGE emissions should be implemented. Medical and
scientific organizations should increase public awareness of GLGE and GLME and identify GLGE as an
important local source of dangerous air pollutants. Communities and environmental, public health, and
other government agencies should create policies and programs to protect the public from GLGE air
pollutants and promote non-polluting alternatives.
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28. State of the Air, 2014, American Lung Association.
29. Hill LB, Zimmerman NJ, Gooch J. A Multi-City Investigation of the Effectiveness of Retrofit
Emissions Controls in Reducing Exposures to Particulate Matter in School Buses, Clean Air Task
Force, January 2005.
30. 2012 California Survey of Residential Lawn and Garden Equipment Owners: Population and
Activity, California Air Resources Board.
31. Acquisition and Analysis of Commercial and Institutional Lawn and Garden Population and Activity
Data: Final Report, August 8, 2006, Eastern Research Group, Inc. for the California Air Resources
Board.
32. EPA Finalizes Emission Standards for New Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines, Equipment, and
Vessels, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, September
2008, EPA420-F-08-013.
33
12SE .........................................................................................................NEIGHBORS SUNDAY JANUARY 23 2022
Well, it finally happened.
You lost your COVID19
vaccine card. The good
news is that vaccine cards
aren’t part of our daily
routine in Florida — you
know, the “keys, wallet,
mask” people go through
before leaving their house.
Businesses and restaurants
can’t deny you service.
Some situations require
vaccination proof: if your
job or private school man
dates COVID shots; if you
want to opt out of a testing
requirement at certain en
tertainment venues; or if
you want to get a booster or
finish the twodose series of
Pfizer and Moderna.
And if you’re planning to
leave the Sunshine State,
say for travel or business,
you’ll likely need proof of
your vaccine status. Some
cruises require proof of
vaccination. So do other
countries. And if you’re
visiting another U.S. state,
the rules vary.
So... You can get another
one — or at least get a copy
of your immunization histo
ry, which will work as proof.
HOW TO GET A COPY
OF COVID
VACCINATION RECORDS
A Ask your healthcare
provider. All providers
administering vaccines,
including pharmacies, use
or have access to Florida
SHOTS, a statewide cen
tral system that keeps
track of which vaccinations
you’ve received. Your
provider should be able to
access the system and
create an immunization
history for your records,
according to the Florida
SHOTS website.
A Contact your county
health department. All
county health departments
in Florida have access to
the SHOTS system and can
create an immunization
history from your records.
Here are your South Flor
ida contacts:
Florida Department of
Health in MiamiDade —
Call 786 8450550 to
schedule an appointment
to pick up your vaccine
records from one of the
health department’s clin
ics. Another option is to
print and fill out an
authorization to disclose
form and fax it to the
health department at 786
8450598 with a copy of a
valid state ID or passport.
Florida Department of
Health in Broward
County Call Center —
Call 9544127300. The
call center is open Mon
daySaturday from 8 a.m.
to 6 p.m. A copy of your
vaccination record will be
emailed in PDF format, or
you can go pick it up.
Speak with a representa
tive to make sure you
know where to go.
Florida Department of
Health in Monroe —
Email DOHMonroe
@flhealth.gov or call 305
2937500. The phone line
is open MondayFriday 8
a.m. to 5 p.m. Once the
record is ready, you can
pick it up at a health de
partment office in Key
West, Marathon and Ta
vernier. Speak with a rep
resentative to make sure
you know where to go.
A If you’re at least 18,
you can also submit your
request directly to Flor
ida SHOTS.To do this,
you’ll have to fill out an
online form and electron
ically sign it. It could take
two to three weeks for you
to receive your record.
A If you need to get the
COVID19 vaccination
record of a child under
18, you’ll have to contact
your health provider or
county health department.
TIP: Once you have
proof of your vaccine stat
us, snap a pic and make a
COVID vaccine photo
album on your phone to
have a copy handy. Apple,
Android and Samsung
users can also store their
info digitally through
Apple Wallet, Google Pay
and Samsung Pay.
WILL I BE GIVEN A CDC
COVID VACCINE CARD?
It depends on where you
go. The Florida Depart
ment of Health in Bro
ward County, for example,
will supply replacement
CDC vaccination cards
only to those who got
vaccinated at Broward
health departmentrun
drivethru or walkup
sites, a spokeswoman said.
Everyone else who asks
Broward’s health depart
ment for their COVID
vaccine records will get an
emailed PDF of their im
munization history.
However, it’s OK if you
don’t have a CDC card. A
Florida SHOTS printed
record (your immuniza
tion history) that shows
you got the COVID19
vaccine also counts as
proof of vaccination.
Miami Herald staff writ
er David Goodhue contrib
uted to this report.
THE VIRUS CRISIS
Did you lose your COVID vaccination
card? How to get a replacement in Florida
BY MICHELLE MARCHANTE
mmarchante@miamiherald.com
34
= ... ,,", ..
... ~ . ,
CITY OF SO ~:;'~~~I' FLORIDA
CITY COMMISSION
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS
In order to balance the need for the City of South Miami to function and conduct vital business durinll1he COYID 19 pandemic and, atthe same
time,1D protect1he health, safety and welfare of its citizens, officers, officials and administrative starT, and pursuant City of South Miami Code,
Chapter 286.011, Ra. Stat, the City's Home Rule Powers, and City Manager's declaration of a state 01 emergency due to the Coronavlrus, the
CIty will be holding Its CIty Commission Meetlnlllllle In chambers and VIRTUAllY through communications media technology (CMT) undl
thll sIirtlI of IImllrgancy has ended Dr social distancing is no Iongar requirad by any relevant Exscutiva Ordllrs. All Commission m8fT1bers will
participate in Chambers or by video conferencinll through the Zoom pIaIfonn and members of the public may join the meeting via loom at
fhttDs:l/zoom.us{Il30566363381 and participate. At a minimum, at leastthree members of the City Commission will be physically present In the
CIty Commission Chambers1 and they will be broadcast on the loom platform along wtth all other members of the Commission, CIty Staff and
the public who may attend remotely from the Commission Chambers and from other locations.
111e meeting Is scheduled to begin on TUIIdI' fI'Dln] ZOZZ d 7:111 'n 10 conslderthefollaMng public hearing ltem(s):
An Ordinance amanding tlla City of South Miami Gods of Ordinances to CIlIate ·Chaptsr 15D -Emlironmsntal ProIEIcIioo· to creat8
dElfinitions, adopt regulations on ths USB of gas-powured lawn main1!mance equipment within the City of South Miami, provide for a
temporary suspension for Slonn and hurricane cleanup, establish enforcement and penally provisions, and provide for a ftnandai
hardship waiver.
II you desire to presant evidence or you are unable to use Zoom, there are procedures 1D follow and othllr options availabkl including a dedicated
phone line to listen and participate In the meeting and limited public attendance, an of which Is set forth In the meeting notice posted at City Hall
and at httD:llwww.southmlamtn.gov1580!Publk>Meetlngs-Notices. ~ne who wishes 10 review pending application, supporting documentation
orwho desire 1D have documents made available lor viewing by everyone during the meeting must contact the City Clerk by calling 305-663-6340.
Note that pursuantto Florida Statutes 286.0105, a person who decides to appeal any decision made by a Board, Agency or Commission with respect
to any matter considered at Its meeting or hearing, a record oftlle proceedings will be required for said appeal and such person will be required 10
have a verbatim transcript of the proceedings including the tI!ISlimony and IlvidenCl!l upon which the appeal is to be based.
ADA: To request a modilication to a policy, practice or procedure orto request an auxiliary aide or service In orderto participate In a CIty program,
activity or event, you must on or before tOO p.m. 3 business days before the meeting (not counting the day mthe meeting) dellveryour request to the
City Clerk by II!Ilephone: 305-663-6340, by mail at 6130 Sunset Driw, South Miami, Florida or email at npayndsouthmiamifi.gov.
Nkenga A. Payne, CMC, FCRM
CltyClerk
1 The ntllmum standuda for adopting I relDluUon or enacting an ordinance are set1arlh In 166.041(4) .... A maJortty of the members of the (IIMlnilg body IIlIII
canltilule I quorum. An atnrmatlve vam of IIt1lJOrtty of I quorum present II neceuaryta enact anyordlnance or adoptany _uUon .....
MIAMI-DADE
STATE O F F LORIDA
CO UNTY OF MIAMI-DADE:
Before the undersigned authority personally appeared
GUILLERMO GARCIA, who on oath says thai he or she is the
DIRECTOR OF OP ERAT IONS , Legal Notices of the Miami Dally
Business Review f/kJa Miami Review , a da ily (exce pt
Saturday . Sunda~ and Legal Holidays) newspaper,
published at Mlamr in Miami-Dade County, Florida ; that the
attached copy of advertisement, being a legal Advertisement
of Notice in th e matter of
CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI -PUBLIC HEARINGS -FEB . 1, 2022
in the x.xxx Court.
was published in said newspaper by print in the issues of
and/or by pub lication on the newspaper's website , if
authorized, on
01/21/2022
Affiant fu rther says that the newspaper com plies with all
legal requirements for publication in chapter 50 Florida
Statutes . ' ~~.fi~
21 dayof JANUARY , A.D. 2022
~
GUILLERMO GA RCIA personally known to me
... iiW'i(i;;;; .. CHRIST INA LYNN RAViX [.,:., t!J:. .. ) Commission # GG 27ml
~;':f~~~~i Expires November 19, 2022
•••.. ,~,!;-;,.,' Bonded Thru Troy Fain Inwrance 800-365-7019
CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI, FLORIDA
CITY COMMISSION
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS
In order to balance the need for the City of South Miami to function and
conduct vital business during the COV1D 19 pandemIc and, at the same
time, to protect the health, safety and welfare of its citizens, officers,
officials and administrative staff, and pursuant City of South Miami Code,
Chapter 286.011, Fla. Stat, the City's Home Rule Powers, and City Manager's
declaration of a state of emergency due to the Coronavirus, the City will be
holding its City Commission Meeting live in chambers and VIRTUAL!. Y through
communications media technology (CMT) until the state of emergency has
ended or social distancing is no longer required by any reTevant Executive
Orders. All Commission members will participate in Chambers or by video
conferencing through the Zoom platfonT1 and members of the public may
join the meeting via Zoom at ~://zoom .usfLl3056636338) and participate. At
a minimum. at least three members of the City Commission will be physically
present in the City Commission Chambers 1 and they will be broadcast on
the Zoom platform along with all other members of the Commission, City
Staff and the public who may attend remotely from the Commission Chambers
and from other locations.
The meeting is scheduled to begin on Ic!eSdiJ)!, February 1, 2022 at 7:00 R.m ·
to consider the following public hearing item{s):
M Ordinance amending the City of South Miami Code of Ordinances
to create "Chap ter 15D ~ Environmental Protection " to create definitions,
adopt regulations on the use of gas~pow8fed lawn maintenance
equipment within the City of South Miami, provide for a temporary
suspension for storm and hurricane cleanup, establish enforcement
and penalty provisions, and pr ovide for a financIal hardship waiver.
If you desire to present evidence or you are unable to use Zoom, there are
procedures to follow and other options available including a dedicated phone
line to listen and participate in the meeting and limited public attendance,
all of which is set forth in the meeting notice posted at City Hall and at
http://www.southmLamifl.gov/58_0/Public~M.eetinas~Notjces. Anyone who
wishes to review pending application, supporting documentation or who desire
to have documents made available for viewing by everyone during the meeting
must contact the City CIeri<: by calling 305-663·6340.
35
MIAMI -DADE
S TATE OF FLORIDA
COUN TY OF MI AMI·DA DE:
Before the undersigned authority personally appeared
GUILLERMO GARCIA, who on oa th says that he or she Is the
DIRECTOR OF OPERAT IONS, Legal Notices of the Miami Dally
Business Review f/kJa Miami Review, a dally (except
Saturday . Sundev and Legal Holidays) newspaper,
published at MIami in Miami-Dade County, Florida ; thai the
attached copy of advertisemen t, being a legal Advertisement
of Notice in the matter of
CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI-PUBLIC HEARINGS· FEB . 1, 2022
i n the XXXX Court,
was published In said newspaper by print in the issues of
andlor by publication on the newspaper's website . if
authorized , on
0112112022
Affiant further says thai the newspaper complies with all
regal requirements for publication in chapter 50 Florida
Sta tutes . ' fl::i!.~.~
21 day of JANUARY, A.D. 2022
~
GUILLERMO GARCIA personally known 10 me
/'k&<iii<~., CHRISTINA lYNN RAVlX
i.: :.~ Commission # GG 271771
~~;: .... :Ii Expires November 19, 2022
.... ~~,!~?,.. Bonded Thru Troy Fain Inwrance 800-36S-7019
CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI, FLORIDA
CITY COMMISSION
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS
In order to balance the need for the City of South Mlami to function and
conduct vital business during the COVID 19 pandemic and. at the same
time, to protect the heatth , safety and welfare of its citizens. officers,
officials and administrative staff, and pursuant City of South Miami Code,
Chapter 286.011. Fla Stat, the City's Home Rule Powers, and City Manager's
declaration of a state of emergency due to the Coronavirus, the City will be
holding its City Commission Meeting live In chambers and VlATUALl Y through
communications media technology (CMT) until the state of emergency has
ended or social distancing is no longer required by any reTevant Executive
Orders. Al l Commission members will participate In Chambers or by video
conferencing through the Zoom platform and members of the public may
join the meeting via Zoom at (tJttps://zoom .usIV3Q56636338) and participate. At
a minimum, at least three members of the City Commission will be physically
present in the City Commission Chambers 1 and they will be broadcast on
the Zoom ptatform along with all other members of the Commission, City
Staff and the public who may attend remotely from the Commission Chamber.;
and from other locations.
The meeting is scheduled to begin on T~ Februal)'~ all~...p..m·
to consider the following public hearing item(s):
An Ordinance amending the City of South Miami Code of Ordinances
10 create 'Chapter 15D -Environmental Protection" to create definitions,
adopt regulations on the use of gas-powered lawn maintenance
equipment within the City of South Miami, provide for a temporary
suspension for stonn and hurricane cleanup , eslablish enforcement
and penalty provisions, and provId e tor a financial hardship waiver .
If you desire to present evidence or you are unable to use Zoom, there are
procedures to follow and other options available including a dedIcated phone
line to listen and participate in the meeting and limited public attendance,
all of which is set forth in the meeting notice posted at City Hall and at
hnP:llwww.southmlamifl.,g..o.YL~8_0l~ubllc.Meetlngs.Notjces. Anyone who
wishes to review pending application, supporting documentation Of who desire
to have documents made availab'e fOf viewing by everyone during the meeting
must contact the City CIeri< by calling 305-663-6340.
Note that pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.0105, a person who decides to
appeal any decision made by a Board , Agency or CommiSSion with respect
10 any matter co nside red al its meeting or hearing, a record of the proceedings
will be required for said appeal and suc h person will be required 10 have a
verbatim transcript of the proceed ing s inctuding Ihe lesllmony and evidence
upon which the appeal is 10 be based.
ADA: To request a modifICation to a po licy, practice or procedure or to requ est
an auxiliary ai de or service in order to participate in a City program, activity
or event, you must on or before 4:00 p.nT.'"3 busin ess-days before the meeting
(not counting the day of the meeting) deliver your request to the City Cieri<
by telephon e: 305-663-6340, by man at 6130 Sunset Drive, South Miami ,
Flo rida or email at npayne@southmiamifl.gov.
Nkenga A. Payne, CMC, FCRM
City Cieri<
1 The minimum standards for adopting a resolution or enacting an ordinance are
set forth in 166.04 1(4) ... A majority of the members of the governing body shall
constitute a quorum. Ail affinnative vote of a majority of a quorum present
is necessary to enact any ordinance or adopt any resolution. -••
1121 22-9010000575003M
36
Note that pursuant to Florida Statutes 286.Q1 05, a person who decides to
appeal any decision made by a Board, Agency or Commission with respect
to any matter considered al its meeting or hearing, a record of the proceedings
will be required for said appeal and such person will be required to have a
verbatim transcript of the proceedings including the testimony and evidence
upon which the appeal is 10 be based.
ADA:. To request a modifICation to a policy, pracllce or procedure or to request
an auxlliary aide or service in order to participate In a City program, activity
or event, you must on or before 4:00 p.m. 3 business-days before the meellng
(not counting the day of Ihe meeting) deliver your request 10 the City Clerk
by telephone: 305-663-6340, by man at 6130 Sunset Drive, South Miami,
Aorida or email at npayne@southm iamifl.gov.
Nkenga A. Payne, CMC, FCRM
City Cieri<
1 The minimum standards for adopting a resolution or enacting an ordinance are
sel forth in 166.041(4) ... A majority of Ihe members of the governing body shall
constitute a quorum. An affinnative vote of a majority of a quorum presenl
is necessary to enact any ordinance or adopt any resolution. -..
1/21 22-9010000575003M