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Res No 212-14-14306
RESOLUTION NO.212-14-1 43°6 A Resolution of the City of South Miami urging the Miami- Dade County Board of Commissioners to protect the County from SeaLevelRise by moving,into action,the recommendations of the Sea Level Rise Task Force. WHEREAS,the world's scientific community has reached consensus that human- inducedclimatechangeisoccurringandiscausingsealevelrise;and WHEREAS,Miami-DadeCounty,itswildlife,naturallands,watersupply,vital facilities,andinfrastructureareespeciallyvulnerabletotheimpacts of sealevelrise;and WHEREAS,climatescientistsandothergroupshavepredictedthepotential erosion of drylandandloss of propertyandnaturalresourcesinMiami-DadeCountyasa result of sea level rise;and WHEREAS,aU.S.GeologicalSurveystudyconcludedthatsealevelsalongthe eastcoast of thecountrywillrisethreetofourtimesfasterthantheglobalaverageoverthe nextcenturyandtheU.S.Army Corps of Engineershas projected thatthewateraround Miami could riseupto24 inches by2060;and WHEREAS,parts of Miami-Dadehavealreadyexperiencedanincreased frequency of urbanfloodingcausedbyhigherhightides,elevatedgroundwaterlevels,and oversaturatedsoils,andwithoutanyaction,theserisingtideswillposeasignificantthreat tothe city's tourism industry;and WHEREAS,theMiami-DadeSeaLevelRiseTaskForce ("SLRTF")reviewedthe relevantdataandpriorstudies,assessments,reports,andevaluationsofthepotential impact of sealevelriseonvitalpublicservicesandfacilities,realestate,waterandother ecologicalresources,waterfrontproperty,andinfrastructure;and WHEREAS,theSLRTFissuedareportwiththeirfindingsonJuly1,2014,that included a comprehensive and realistic assessment ofthe likely and potential impacts to sealevelriseandstormsurgeovertime,tobeusedtohelpdevelopasetof recommendations relativeto amendments tothe CDMP,capital facilities planning, budgetaryprioritiesandotherCountyprogramsasnecessarytoensurethatMiami-Dade Countyis taking all appropriate actionstoreduceits contributions to climate-induced sea level riseandto ensure its resiliency tothe increase insea level rise,storm surge and relatedimpactswhichareexpectedtooccur;and WHEREAS,theSLRTFsetforth numerous recommendations intheirreportthat, if followed,would aid Miami-Dade County in coping with the inevitable consequences of thismeasurable,tractable,andrelentlessreality of sealevelrise;and WHEREAS,theMiami-DadeBoard of CountyCommissionerswilldiscussthe adoption of various resolutions to move the recommendations ofthe SLRTF into action; and Res.No.212-14-14306 WHEREAS,TheCity of SouthMiamiseekstoworkcollaborativelyand jointly withMiami-DadeCountytoensureourqualityoflifeandeconomyisprotected. NOW,THEREFORE,BE IT RESOLVED BY THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI,FLORIDA,THAT: Section 1.TheCity of SouthMiamisupportstheadoption of soundresolutions to move the recommendations of the Sea Level Rise Task Force into action. Section2.TheCity of SouthMiamiurgestheBoard of County Commissioners toensurethelanguagecontainedinits resolutions are action-oriented,and furthertheprocess of preparingMiami-DadeCountyanditsnaturalandbuiltenvironment for the inevitable rise in sea level. Section 3.TheCityClerkisherebyinstructedtosendacopy of thisresolution totheMayor of Miami-Dade County,allofthemembersofBoardofCounty Commissioners andtheCountyManager. Section 4.If anysectionclause,sentence,orphrase of thisresolutionisfor anyreasonheldinvalidorunconstitutionalbyacourt of competentjurisdiction,the holdingshallnotaffectthevalidity of theremainingportions of thisresolution. Section5.Thisresolutionshalltakeeffectimmediatelyuponadoption. PASSEDAND ADOPTED this6 th day of November ,2014. ATTEST: READ AND APPROVED ASTOFORM, PNTHEREC Page 2 of2 APPROVED: MAYOR COMMISSION VOTE:5-0 Mayor Stoddard:Yea Vice Mayor Harris:Yea Commissioner Edmond:Yea Commissioner Liebman:Yea Commissioner Welsh:Yea Miami-Dade Sea Level Rise Task Force Report and Recommendations July1,2014 Miami-Dade Sea Level Rise Task Force Members Harvey Ruvin,Task Force Chairperson,Honorable Clerk of Courts,Miami-Dade County James Murley,Esq.,Task Force Vice-Chairperson,Executive Director,South Florida Regional Planning Council David Enfield,Ph.D.,Research Oceanographer Sara E.Fain,Esq.,Executive Director,Everglades Law Center T.Willard Fair,President,Urban Leagueof Greater Miami,Inc. Jorge Gonzalez,Chief Executive Officer,City National Bank Arsenio Milian,P.E.,President,Milian,Swain &Associates,Inc. Contents Chairman's Letter 2 I.Introduction 3 II.Overarching Recommendation 4 III.Layingthe FoundationforAction 4 IV.Flooding Risk Due to Sea Level Rise,Storm Surge andOther Factors,6 V.Re-Insurance IndustryandPotential Economic Implications,10 VI.Conclusion H Appendices 12 A.MIAMI-DADE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS RESOLUTION #599-13 13 B.LIST OF PRESENTATIONS/PRESENTERS TO MIAMI-DADE SEA LEVEL RISETASK FORCE...27 C.MIAMI-DADE COUNTY CLIMATE CHANGE ADVISORY TASK FORCE MEMBERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30 D.A REGION RESPONDS TOA CHANGING CLIMATE -SOUTHEAST FLORIDA REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMPACT REGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN,OCTOBER 201247 E.SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES IN THE MIAMI-DADE COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 139 F.MIAMI-DADE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS RESOLUTION #R-451-14 148 G.WARMING OF THE OCEANS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE (RE)INSURANCE INDUSTRY -A GENEVA ASSOCIATION REPORT 157 Chairman's Letter SEA LEVEL RISETASK FORCE REPORT "The potentially empowering capacitytobeableto 'foresee and forestall'is what ultimately distinguishes thehuman speciesfromallothers,.." Buckminster Fuller,LegendaryFuturist SeaLevelRiseisaninevitable consequence ofthe warming of theoceansand the accelerated melting of the planet's ice sheets -regardless of cause.Itisa measurable,trackable and relentless reality.Without innovativeadaptivecapitalplanningitwillthreatentrillions of dollarsoftheregion's built environment,ourfuture water supply,our unique natural resources,our agriculturalsoils,and ourbasic economy. Dealing with thischallengewillrequirea coordinated effort of unprecedented commitment.As thereportchronicles,that efforthasalreadybegun.Miami-Dade Countyhasbeenaleaderamonglocal governments,thinking globallyandactinglocally. Theprior Miami-Dade Climate Change Advisory Task Force (CCATF),afternearly5years ofwork,produced arangeof recommendations dealing with adaptation of both our built andnatural environments.The current SeaLevelRise Task Force (Task Force),rather than reinvent the wheel,is recommending amore structured implementationand oversight commitment bytheCounty Administration. Theongoing Southeast Florida RegionalClimate Change Compacthasbeendoinggreatworkin helping tosetthestageforwhatneedstobeamulti-levelintergovernmentalpartnershiptoeffectively addresssealevel rise.The Cityof Miami Beach,withnewlyelectedand appointed leadershipismeeting the short termchallengeof"sunnyday flooding"(aharbingerofsealevelrise)inaproactiveway. Others are lining upto be part of the solution. ThisReportisanurgent,though optimistic,calltobeginthestepbystep process needed todesign and build a re-engineered urban infrastructure that over time will withstand a worst case scenario.It begins with the Board's calling fora commitment by the Administration to obtain the technical expertise needed to vet the elements andtimingofthe plan. Make nomistake,itwillbecostly,butitscostsaredwarfedbythepotentialhuman,physical and economicvaluesatstake.The members ofyourSea Level Rise TaskForcearegratefulforthe opportunity topresentthisReportandareconfidentthatboththeBoardandtheMayorwilltakethe necessary actions. Report I.Introduction Warming oftheoceans,melting ice sheets,and extreme weather events have become more prominentrealitiesduringthepastyear.Southeast Florida hasbeenexperiencingsomeof these effects first-hand,withsevere downpours and "king tides"causing localized flooding insomeareasof Miami-Dade County.Theseeventsprovideaglimpseintothefutureof whatwemayexpecttoexperienceevenmorefrequentlyandtomoreextremesinthe region.They also provide an opportunity tobetter understand whatthese extremes may meanforour community andhowwecan begin toaddresstheseimpacts now.Noting the mounting evidence supporting the overwhelming scientific consensus that climate change isrealandin fact already accelerating sea level rise,the Miami-Dade Board of County Commissioners (BCC)wiselycreatedthe Miami-Dade CountySea Level RiseTaskForce (Task Force)in July 2013 by unanimously passing Resolution No.R-599-13 (Appendix A), asafocusednextstepto better gaugeandplanforwhatliesahead. Our charge was multifaceted: a)Toprovidearealisticassessmentofthelikelyimpactsofsealevelriseandstorm surge over time. b)To make recommendations relative tothe Comprehensive Development Master Plan (CDMP),Capital Facilities Planningandotherpriorities. The Task Force was provided withprior studies,reportsand evaluations of potential impacts onvital services andfacilities,ecological resources and infrastructure.The Task Force met fourteen timesandheard presentation from various expertsontopics ranging from a review of county and regional planning efforts regarding climate impacts,storm- water managementanddrainage,seweragesystems,vulnerabilitiesof freshwater aquifers andwells,theroleof Everglades restorationandnaturalsystemsinresilience,howtobuild resilience in communities,aswellastheseriousinsuranceandreinsurance implications of expected sea level rise. All presentations andminutesoftheTaskForcemeetingsarepostedonlineatthe Miami- DadeSeaLevelRiseTaskForcewebpage.1Allof our deliberations and discussions have beenguidedbySunshineLawdirectives.Adetailedlistofall presentations madeatthe TaskForce meetings canbefoundinAppendix B. 1Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Junell,2012). Retrieved from:http://WWW.MIAMIDADE.GOV/PLANNING/BOARDS-SEA-LEVEL-RISE.ASP II.Overarching Recommendation This Report contains five recommendations,the first of which is the most crucial. In order to secure a future that is resilient to threats of sea levelrise,much detailed and trulycomprehensiveexpertanalysismustbeundertakeninordertoplananddesigna robust capital plan:not just to update,but ina sense,to reinvent our urban infrastructure inatimely,sequencedmannertomeetourfutureasit unfolds.In order toaccomplishthis, weneedto start the process now.Thefollowing overarching recommendation isacritical first step. ?,it^^^H^^^^f^v^t**^ Theplan,itsdevelopmentanditsimplementationmustbefullycollaborative,involvingall levels of government.The framework for action should also include the South Florida Water Management District(District).The Southeast FloridaRegionalClimateChange ActionPlan (RCAP)willalsobeessentialasanoverarchingguideas implementation gets carriedout.InvolvingtheRe-InsuranceIndustryintheplan's development willfacilitate their effectivebuyin.Carrying out this plan willbecostly,but farless than the costof inaction. III.Laying the Foundation for Action In2006the Miami-Dade BoardofCountyCommissioners (BCC)created theMiami-Dade ClimateChangeAdvisoryTaskForce (CCATF),comprised of eighteen individuals,amulti- disciplinary group of stake-holders and experts,tasked tomake recommendations onthe overallissueof Climate Change,focusing predominantlyonadaptation.Thisgroupdivided intosub-committeesanddirectly involved hundredsofothersin sixty-five separate meetingsoverthefive-yearperiod.Atthetimeoftheirsunset,fifty-seven multi-part recommendationshadbeenproducedregardingneededstepsrelativetoadaptationof natural systems,built environment,healthandeconomicsystems,as well asa series of GreenHouse Gas mitigationrecommendations (Appendix C-Miami-Dade County CCATF Members &Recommendations). Many oftheserecommendationswereincorporatedinto GreenPrint,Miami-Dade County's community-wide sustainabilityplan developed in 2010,andarecurrentlybeing implemented.The CCATF recommendations addressesthecrosssectionof specific elements called for in Resolution #599-13. In2010,recognizing that climatechangehaslittleregardforman-made territorial boundaries,the four counties insoutheast Florida formed the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Compact).Miami-Dade,Broward,PalmBeachandMonroe counties becamethe first,perhapsthe only,neighboring local governments to collaborate ontheir common concerns about climate change.These four counties,comprised ofover 100 cities andrepresentingover30percentof the state's population,agreedtocontribute staff,resources,andexpertisetoaddress climate change issues,including sea level rise.In October2012,theCompact produced overone hundred recommendations inawell thought-out Regional Climate Action Plan for Southeast Florida (RCAP)(Appendix D-A RegionRespondstoaChanging Climate].2 Clearly thisformatprovidesapathwaystructuretocontinuetobuildon. In October,2013,theBoardof County Commissioners approvedamendmentsinthe County's Comprehensive Development Master Plan (CDMP)which incorporate language addressingclimatechangeandsea level riseinoverthirty Objectives and Policies ofthe Plan (Appendix E).This followed the CDMP 2011 Evaluation and Appraisal Report (EAR), asrequiredper Florida statutes,whenthese issues were identified as priorities toaddress as part ofthe CDMP update.Forexample,CDMP LandUseElementPolicies LU-3K and LU- 3L focus on determining vulnerable areasthatcanbe designated as Adaptation Action Areas,which will facilitate focused funding and adaptation planning in theseareasto help mitigateimpactsandbuildresiliencetoclimatechangeandsealevelrise.These CDMP policies now form asound foundation for Miami-Dade County to actively incorporatethese considerations into existing capital investmentandinfrastructureplanningprocesses,and willcontinuetobeevaluatedandupdatedaspartofthe ongoing EAR process. m Il^f^^*> 2Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (Junell,2012). Retrieved from: htip;//sQutheastflpridac)^^ %20Compliant.pdf TheBoardofCountyCommissionershas already takenafirstbold step by unanimously adopting Resolution R-451-14 (Appendix F)onMay6,2014,setting policy for Miami-Dade Countyby requiring allcounty infrastructure projects to consider the potential impact of sealevelrise during all project phases and calling foran evaluation ofexisting infrastructure inthefaceofsealevelrise.This action sets the stage forafully comprehensive assessment and plan to provide an evolving infrastructure,resilient toa worst case scenario. Atthetimeof the submission ofthisReport,a proposed ordinance was pending before the BCC that would require inclusion ofa statement regarding consideration of sea level rise forall agenda items related toplanning,design and/or construction ofCounty infrastructure.We urge passage ofthis ordinance asfully consistent with,and supportive of,this SeaLevelRise Task Force Report. IV.Flooding Risk Due to Sea Level Rise,Storm Surge and Other Factors About 90%of the excess heat dueto Greenhouse Effect warming is absorbed by the ocean rather than the atmosphere or land.The basic science is that as water warms,it expands.This effect,coupled with ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets,are the fundamental causes of global sea level rise.In addition,as we lose reflective surface dueto melting ice,we are seeing a feedback loop that increasingly reinforces the Greenhouse Effect and accelerates sea level rise. Tide stations measure local sea level rise which refers to the height of the water as measured along the coast relative toa point onland.Because the heights of both the land (subsidence oruplift)andtheoceanarechanging,sealevelin some locations is rising faster than the global average (e.g.,NewOrleans)whilein other regions sea levelmy actually befalling (Alaska).By estimating present and future local rates of relative sea level change fora specific area based on observations and projections ofglobal sea levelrise, coastal managers and engineers can begin to analyze and plan forthe impacts ofsealevel rise for comprehensive planning.Future land use decisions should reflect lessons learned from allowing development in vulnerable areas. TheTaskForcechosetofocus primarily onthenext50years,to2060,asour present planning horizon and relied heavily on the projections produced by the Southeast Florida RegionalClimateChangeCompact partners oftwofeetofsealevelriseby2060(Figure1 below).This projection was adopted byallfourCompact counties asaguidelinefor planning purposes.The workgroup of experts convenedbytheCompacttodevelopthis projection agreed to reconvene approximately every four years,or more often as needed, 6 toreviewnewdataandsciencetodetermineiftheprojectionshouldberevised.The workgroup is expected to reconvene later in 2014.For longer range planning upto 2100, at least three feet of sea level rise should be utilized.Specific infrastructure and planning projects should design for the projected sea level during the life expectancy ofa project. 36 3d &24 •6-' I « 0 ,Annual Sea imtii at Key Wtefc Projected Sea Levctl Rl$cn*tm Med on USACE Guidance Contfm*atfc»rt of HistoHc^to^l aft*m* ^ATV1 1980 1590 JOOO 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 * F/#i/re 1-The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact convened a group of experts in 2010 which reviewed the most current science and data and developed asea level rise projection over time for the Southeast Floridaregion. Wemustkeepinmindthatthisis literally amovingtarget;sea level isno longer aconstant andasnewscientific research becomes available,the projections ofthefuturerateofrise will also change.Aswemove forward,wewillneedtokeep abreast ofnewinformation from key sources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers (USACEJ andthe National Climate Assessment (NCA),andstayalerttoevents that could havea dramatic impact onthe rate ofsea level rise.Because the County isnow confronted witha changing environment,the challenge isto craft flexible policies that can adaptto evolving needs. Stormsurgeisanabnormalriseinsealevelaccompanyingahurricaneorother intense storm,and whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and thetide level expectedto occur inthe absence ofthestorm.Storm surge can range from a few feet,uptofifteento twenty feetinextreme cases,andtypicallylastsfromseveralhours uptoaday.Itis accompanied by large and destructive ocean waves,and will typically affect a specific stretch of shoreline,usually ten miles or less. Itis not possible to consider future storm surges without also accounting forthe interacting effectsof sea levelrise.Although sea level rise is gradual (2-4 feet inthis century)and less in magnitude than storm surge,itis always present,it affects shorelines everywhere and exacerbates the effectsof storm surges when and where they occur.Inthe course of this century,sea level rise will eventually add upto one-fourth to one-half the magnitude ofany storm surge that occursonany parts ofMiami-DadeCounty's coastline. Figure 2 below illustrates the disproportionate effect ofa two-foot rise in sea level ona hypothetical storm surge accompanying aCategory3 Hurricane.Storm surge recedes,sea level rise does not. Figure 2 -Twoimages of Miami-Dade County showingtheinundationfromahypotheticalstormsurgethat wouldtypically accompany a Category 3 Hurricane at high tide.On theleftisthedepthofsurgeasitwould affectcoastalandinlandareaswithpresent-daysea levels.On therightisthedepthofsurgeasitwouldaffect thesameareaswithanadditionaltwofeetofsealevelriseifnoadaptation measures are taken.Maps arebased onthe Sea,Lake,and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)surgemodelusedbytheNational Hurricane Center.(CourtesyofDr.KerenBolter). 8 Dependingon measures takengloballytomitigatetheeffectsof Greenhouse Gasesonthe planet-andhowsoontheyare implemented -theworldand specifically Miami-Dade County arecommittedtoacontinuedriseinsealevelsbeyondthiscenturywiththe potentialtopermanentlyinundatelargepartsofthe County.Long before permanent inundation occurs,however,and perhaps within decades,flooding events will become progressively more frequent,especially in low-lying areas,duetotheexacerbatingeffectof highersea levels on high tides,heavy raineventsandstormsurges.Otheraspectsof climatechange,suchastheexpectedincreaseintheintensityof rainstorms and hurricanes, will further exacerbate theimpactsoffloodingevents.The best illustration ofthisis what wehave already observed happening inMiamiBeachoverthelast decade andahalf.The annual numberof flooding events in Miami Beach from all causes hasbeensteadily increasingandwilllikelycontinuetoincreasetothepointwheresome areas willneedto beabandonedorre-purposedwheninsurance becomes unavailable ortoo expensive, and/or engineeringmeasurescannolongermitigateagainsttheproblems.Whatisnow happening in Miami Beach isthe "canary in the coal mine"forwhat will inevitably occur in other low-lying areasofthe county.Saltwater intrusion intothe Biscayne Aquifer,the primary source of freshwater for Southeast Florida,isalsoa considerable threat with sea level rise,andstepsmustbetakento avoid or mitigate this potential impact. Lands inpublicownershipare crucial torestoring hydrology andsurfacewater levels, which can help reduce thethreatofsaltwater intrusion.Wise landuse planning and incorporating the benefits received from naturalsystemsmustbeanessentialpartofa resiliencestrategy,and funds and legislative supportareneededtocompletethetargeted acquisitions and protect these natural areas. Clearly,without adaptation,current ground levelsand essential fresh water,flood,and drainage related systems will be critically compromised,if not overwhelmed. V.Reinsurance Industry and Potential Economic Implications Perhaps the most impactful presentation made to the SeaLevelRise Task Force came from representatives ofthe Re-Insurance Industry.MarkWay,Sustainability Director ofSwiss Re,stated that the insured lossesfortheglobalinsurance industry totaled$6.4billionper yearinthe 1980's for weather related impacts.Thishasrisento$40billionduringthefirst decadeofthiscentury.Overthepastsixyears,Swiss Re hasbeenconductingresearchto assess thecostofadaptingtosevere weather impactsusingarigorousriskmanagement approach toassesslocaltotalclimateriskandincluded proposed adaptation measures to addresstotalclimateriskonaneconomicbasis.Usingpredictivescenarios,thisstudy estimated theexpectedlossesforSoutheastFloridaby scenario andby hazard rangedfrom $17 billion,or8.5percentof Gross Domestic Product (GDP)in2008,to$33billionor10% of GDP in2030.Thisstudyalsosuggestedthemostcost-effectivewaystominimizeloss. Accordingtothe cost/benefit curve developed inthis study for the Southeast Florida region,itis estimated thatapproximately$30billionofthetotalexpectedlossin2050 couldbeavoidedifa comprehensive planfor adaptation were implemented.Itwas explainedtotheTaskForcethatadaptationpoliciesimplementednowwill significantly lower the insurance costs to the County and its residents in the future,and in some cases avoidor postpone wholesale abandonment dueto non-insurability orthehighcostof premiums. A recent report bytheGenevaAssociation(Appendix G),the leading international think tankfor strategically important insurance andrisk management issues,concluded that Historic Climate Records are no longer reliable tools in either risk assessment or rate setting.Insurance rates are climbing andcould soon become prohibitive:the cruelest "tax" ofall. RECOMMENDATION ©^Recognising the rieed^jfrat, will provide real help tbjthe victims.of qftnat|change jflipadts,I^^ea L^el^iseTask! Force recommends thaj M|amirparfeJ<^imt|ft^ private insurance arid /'reinsurance'^p'rofesfsional't'oferiization's;^m^b'er4%local! governments m,theSoutheast<Flo;adaCl^ Insurance Regulation l^3%ari#^ management solutions.NiX "^.;w'fTy\W ,£♦--*^^^^i\^^^«^I ^^ 10 VI.Conclusion With trillions of dollars of built environment and invaluable natural resources at stake in theregion,theeconomic imperative totakeactionsoonerratherthanlaterisclear. WE BELIEVE THAT WITHOUT A PROFESSIONALLY WELL THOUGHT OUT ADAPTATION PLANINPLACE,WE RISKLOSING INSURABILITY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOROUR FUTURE. Althoughtheneedto begin isurgent,weareoptimisticthatwith commitment wecan continuetobuildafutureSouth Florida thatwillnotjustremainviable,but onethat will continue itsemergingstatusasa vibrant worldclassRegion. 11 Appendices 12 A.MIAMI-DADE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS RESOLUTION #599-13 13 B.LIST OF PRESENTATIONS/PRESENTERS TO MIAMI-DADE SEA LEVEL RISE TASK FORCE 27 C.MIAMI-DADE COUNTY CLIMATE CHANGE ADVISORY TASK FORCE MEMBERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30 D.A REGION RESPONDS TO A CHANGING CLIMATE -SOUTHEAST FLORIDA REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMPACT REGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN,OCTOBER 2012 47 SUMMARY OFCLIMATE CHANGE POLICIESINTHE MIAMI-DADE COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 139 F.MIAMI-DADE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS RESOLUTION #R-451-14 148 G.WARMING OF THE OCEANS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE (RE)INSURANCE INDUSTRY -AGENEVA ASSOCIATION REPORT 157