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Res No 148-14-14242
RESOLUTION NO.148-14-1 4242 A Resolution notifying the Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Board that the City of South Miami has been declared a "environmentally sensitive area". WHEREAS,the City of South Miami is habitat tothe largest bat species in North America,the Florida Bonneted Bat (Eumops floridanus),which was federally listed asan endangered species in 2013;and WHEREAS,young Florida Bonneted Batsfledgein June,whereupon theydependona readyfood supply of large moths;and WHEREAS,spraying of insecticides andhabitat destruction werecitedbytheU.S.Fish and Wildlife Service as two reasons forthe endangered status of the Florida Bonneted Bat;and WHEREAS,thedestruction of foodsupplyoralteration of criticalhabitatforany endangeredspeciesisprohibitedasa"taking"undertheEndangeredSpeciesAct of 1973 (16 U.S.C.1531-1544);and WHEREAS,numerous residents of SouthMiami manage their gardens forthe benefit of native butterflies and birds;and WHEREAS,someresidents of SouthMiamimaintainhoneybeesforpollinationand honey production;and WHEREAS,Miami-DadeCountyMosquitoControlDivisionappliesinsecticide (adulticide)from spraytrucksonCity streets and from airplanes overthepublic airspace andin JuneandJuly,generally in response tocomplaintsfromresidents;and WHEREAS,a century of concerted research has shown that mosquitoes ofall species arebest controlled by integrated pest management strategies that include filling puddles, elimination of standing water,introduction of mosquitofish,and the cautious use of mosquito larvicides andgrowthregulatorssuchasBTand methoprene;and WHEREAS,Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division applies adulticides primarily forthe control of emerged adults of nuisance mosquito species (e.g.,black salt marsh mosquito,Aedestaeniorhynchus)thatare determined bitersbutdonot serve as vectors of human disease;and WHEREAS,spraying of DDT,dieldrin,and malathion inthe Florida Keys resulted in rapid evolution of resistance to these insecticides by black salt marsh mosquitoes,prompting the search for new insecticides;and WHEREAS,the adulticide currently sprayed from planes to control adult mosquitoes is "naled (trade name "Dibrom"),a potent organophosphate,and the truck-sprayed adulticide is Res.No.148-14-14242 currently "permethrin",a synthetic pyrethroid;and WHEREAS,naled has been tested by entomologists at the University of Florida and ecotoxicologists at Florida International University,andhas been proven tobe 400-4000 times more toxic to butterflies and small caterpillars thanto mosquitoes when applied atthe concentrations andin the manner proscribed bythe manufacturer,approved bythe EPA,and used by mosquito control districts;and WHEREAS,naled is extremely toxic to honeybees andto native hymenoptera thatserve as pollinators and predators of garden pests;and WHEREAS,aerial deposition leaves afilm of naled and dichlorvos on leaves that is lethal to caterpillars;and WHEREAS,naledhasa half-life of 8hours,afterwhich half the poison remainspresent andactiveon leaf surfaces(i.e.,200-2000timesmoretoxicthantolerablebysmallcaterpillars); and WHEREAS,even when naled degrades it breaks down into dichlorvos,which isalsoa potent insecticide;and WHEREAS,naledanddichlorvoswereusedinfleacollarswheretheywerefoundtobe dangerous to both pets and children;and WHEREAS,the American Bird Conservancy andthe Natural Resources Defense CouncilhavepetitionedandsuedtheEPAtore-assessthetoxicity of naledanddichlorvosto non-target species including birds,pets,andpetowners;and WHEREAS,permethrin doesnotbreakdownquicklyintheenvironment,and concentratesinbodies of waterandcanalswhereitcanbeharmfulto dragonflies,andto crustaceans such as shrimp;and WHEREAS,somepeople,especially veterans withGulfWar Syndrome,are extremely sensitive to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides (e.g.,permethrin,naled,dichlorvos); and WHEREAS,aerial spray release is subject towinddriftandthusis extremely difficult to control;and WHEREAS,Broward County Mosquito Control does not allow its spray planes to releasenaledwithintwomiles of ButterflyWorldinCoconutCreek;and WHEREAS,the Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division provides notification of pre-dawn spray routes between 3:00 and 4:30 pm the day before,too late for the City to check theroutesandnotify affected residents tostay indoors,covertheir beehives,etc.;and Page 2 of4 Res.no.148-14-14242 WHEREAS,County spray truck operators are instructed to refrain from spraying inthe immediate vicinity of people andpets,but residents report being sprayed while taking their pets for walks;and WHEREAS,Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division is directed to refrain from spraying biologically sensitive areas onthe FIU campus on Biscayne Bay,but scientists have reported County spray trucks dispensing insecticides in these areas;and WHEREAS,the City Commission has declared the City of South Miami tobean "environmentally sensitive area"pursuant tothe Endangered SpeciesActand Florida Statute 388.4111;and WHEREAS,F.S.388.4111 allowsthelocal mosquito control district andthe manager of publiclandsdeclaredtobe "environmentally sensitive"(i.e.,theCity)toworkoutamutually agreeable plan for controlling mosquitoes onthoselands. NOW,THEREFORE,BE IT RESOLVED BY THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI,FLORIDA,THAT: Section 1.TheCityCommissionherebyinstructstheCityManagertocommunicate totheMiami-DadeMosquitoControlDivisionthefollowing: (A)Acopy of the City's ordinancedeclaringtheCity of SouthMiamitobean environmentally sensitive area. (B)Acopy of this resolution clarifying thereasonsforthisaction. (C)Astatementthatthe City's publicspacesaretobemanagedfortheco-existence of humans, butterflies,honeybees,bats,and other native wildlife. (D)TheCommission'sdesirefora mosquito control planthatmeetsthe following minimum criteria: (i)Excludes aerial sprayof non-specific mosquito adulticides overtheCityof South Miami,accountingforaccidentalwinddriftasBrowardCountyhasdoneinCoconut Creek, (ii)Excludes truck-mounted spraying of non-specific mosquito adulticides onthe streets in theCityofSouthMiamiexceptto control a documented humandisease outbreak,andthen only with proper advance notification, (iii)That includes a realistic plan to notify residents inan area scheduled for spray application,including adequate timefor residents totakeany precautions they deem necessary prior to application. Section 2.The City Commission directs the City Manager to negotiate such a plan with the Miami-Dade Mosquito Control Division and provide a copy tothe City Commission for approval. Section 3.If any section clause,sentence,or phrase of this resolution is for any reason held invalid or unconstitutional bya court of competent jurisdiction,the holding shall not affectthevalidity of theremainingportionsofthis resolution. Page 3 of4 Res.No.148-14-14242 Section 4.This resolution shall take effect immediately upon adoption. Passed and adopted this 2 2nd day of July ,2014. ATTEST:APPROVED: READ RM COMMISSION VOTE:5-0 Mayor Stoddard:yea Vice Mayor Harris:Yea Commissioner Edmond:Yea Commissioner Liebman:Yea Commissioner Welsh:Yea Page 4 of4 Sun Sentinel Chemical Zaps Butterflies Deaths Linked To Aerial Assault On Mosquitoes In South County November 2,1995|NEIL SANTANIELLO Staff Writer http://articles.sun-sentinel.eom/1995-11 -02/news/9511020066 1 lonqwing-thomas-emmel- butterflv-world Scott Dueweke heard the twin-engine plane on Monday night buzzing low over his subdivision,Monterey Bay. When he awoke on Tuesday,two zebra longwing butterflies were twitching uncontrollably on the concrete floorofhis screened-in porch west of Boca Raton. "They looked like their nervous system had gone haywire,"said the butterfly enthusiast who raises zebras inhis porch and releases them in Monterey Bay. Heading offtohis sales jobalittlelater,he saw two other butterflies,gulffritillarys, twitching on the pavement of Bayshore Drive,which runs through his neighborhood. He knew then what had happened,he said. The zebras and gulf fritillarys,he contends,were struck downby Dibrom,an insecticide sprayed inultra-finemists over muchof south Palm Beach CountyonMondaybya Mosquito Control plane. MosquitoControl ordered the aerial assault to kill huge numbers of adult mosquitoes spawned by recent floodingrains.Butuntilhegotacallfrom Dueweke,Mosquito ControlDirectorRonDay said hehad never received any reports linkingDibrom spraying in the county to butterflydie-offs. Dueweke,whose five zebra butterfliesdiedbefore Wednesday,saidthe chemical not onlywipedouthis less thantwo-week-oldbutterfliesbutpossibly numerous others inthe treated area."Thereisno question,"hesaid.Thomas Emmel,azoology professor atthe UniversityofFlorida,agrees.Dibromisa broad-spectrum insecticide that bats down butterflies,honeybees and possibly even small insect-eating birds such as warblers while attacking mosquitoes,he said."Itis one of the worst pesticides as far as butterflies are concerned,"said Emmel,who has closely studied the chemical and its effect on impact butterflies.It can harm all species,he said. Dibrom,used to combat mosquito hatchouts overlarge areas,isaneurotoxin that disables butterflies'nervous systems,Emmell said. "Theirmusclesjustuselesslycontract,"hesaid."They can't fly,theycan't walk." Butterfliesare considered beneficialinsects because theypollinateplants.Zebra longwings,a slow-flitting,common butterfly with long black and yellow barred wings, might be an easy target for DibronVs poisonous punch because they roost in large communal groups under bare branches that offer no protection from drifting insecticides, Emmel said.Broward County Mosquito Control does not allow its Dibrom-emitting planestowander within two miles of Butterfly World in CoconutCreek. Violating that no-fly zone could devastate the butterfly mecca,where rare species reproduce,founder Ron Boender said. "If you live next doorto Butterfly World,you are probably going tohavea few mosquitoes to slap now and then,"he said. In areas without a protective zone,butterfly watchers can tell when mosquito control planes have been aloft,Boender said. "That'sitforbutterfliesforamonthor two,"hesaid."Youwon't see them." Broward County Mosquito Control Manager Joe Marhefka saidhe's heard "one,maybe two"complaints in three years. But Emmel said people generally have not noticed insect die-offs unless "they were watching a particular group of butterflies in their gardenor beehives in theirback yard." "In afewhourstheantscome along andcleanupthebodiesand wings,"hesaid."It is very hard to document pesticide kills in nature." Dibrom istheaerialsprayofchoicefor12states,including California and Florida, Emmel said. PalmBeachandBroward counties blanketmosquito-infested areas withthechemical butspraynomorethana half-ounce -or teaspoon-full -peracre.But Emmel saidsuch spraying is done for "cosmetic effect." "For afew hours,anumberof mosquitoes drop,"hesaid.But more "adultsemergeen masse the next day." Daysaid Dibrom was sprayed from6:30to 10 p.m onMondayincommunities west of MilitaryTrail from Lake Worth Road to the Broward-Palm Beach line.Emmel thinks mosquito control agenciesshouldabandonplanesandconcentrateonzappingthe blood-sucking bugs at their breeding grounds with chemicals called larvaecides.That would keeptreatmentfocusedonthesourceofthe problem,hesaid.Many parksand wildlife sanctuaries,including the ArthurR.Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge,nowban mosquito planes from flying over ortoo close totheirland. "Yetthe general publicis still happilylettingthemsprayinhabited areas,over houses, screened porches,swimming pools,all the places weliketobe active,"Emmel said. The 2013 Florida Statutes Title XXIX PUBLIC HEALTH Chapter 388 MOSQUITO CONTROL 388.4111 Public lands;arthropod control.- (1)Itis declared to be in the best interests of the state that certain environmentally sensitive andbiologicallyhighly productive public lands owned by the state orany political subdivision thereofwhere arthropods incubate, hatch,or occur soasto constitute apublic health ornuisanceproblemmaybe subject to arthropod control measures.Such measures shallbe approved by the department and performed bythelocal arthropod control agency consistent with a publiclands control planas described in subsection (2).The methods employed shallbe the minimumnecessaryand economically feasible to abate a public health or nuisance problem andimpose the least hazard tofish,wildlife, and other natural resources protected or managed insuch areas. (2)(a)The department shall adopt rulestospecify procedures for development and promulgation ofapubliclands control plan.Suchrulesshall require that allland management agencies identify environmentally sensitive and biologically highly productive publiclands under their control whichshall be subject to a publiclands control plan.Such public landsshallbe identified to the department and the localarthropod control agencyalong with a description of the purposeforwhich the landsaremanaged.All publiclands not identified byalandmanagementagencyas environmentally sensitive or biologically highly productive shallbesubjecttothelocalarthropodcontrol agency's general work plan. (b)Thelocalarthropodcontrolagencyshallproposeapubliclandscontrol planto the land management agencyand the department whichshall become effective upon mutualagreementofthelandmanagementagencyandthe arthropod control agency. (c)Ifthelandmanagement agency andthelocalarthropodcontrolagencyare unabletoagreeonapubliclandscontrolplan,the Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Controlmayrecommendacontrolplantothe department,which shallproposearecommended public landscontrolplan.Iftheland management agencyandthelocalarthropodcontrolagencyfailto agree to such recommended public lands control plan within 30 days ofthe rendering of such plan,either agency may petitionthe Land andWater Adjudicatory Commission todeterminewhetherthe proposed controlplan employs methods which arethe minimum necessary and economically feasible toabatea public health or nuisance problem and which impose theleast hazard to fish,wildlife, and other naturalresources protected ormanagedinsuchareas.Unless both partieswaivetheirrighttoa hearing,the Land andWater Adjudicatory Commission shalldirecta hearing officerto hold a hearing within the jurisdiction ofthe local arthropod control agency pursuant tothe provisions of ss.120.569 and 120.57 and submit a recommended order.The commission shall,within60daysofreceiptofthe recommended order,issueafinalorder adoptingapubliclandscontrolplan.Consistentwiths.120.57(11(1).the commission mayadoptormodifythe proposed control plan.The commission shall adoptruleson the conductofappealsbeforethecommission. (d)If the adopted public lands control plan provides thatthe local arthropod control agency shall perform no arthropod control on designated parcels of publicly owned property within the local arthropod control agency's jurisdiction,the localarthropodcontrolagency shall be deemed toberelieved of responsibility for arthropod control on that parcel for theeffective period of the adoptedpubliclandscontrolplan. (e)Until a public lands control plan pertaining to lands identifiedbythe Board of Trustees ofthe Internal Improvement Trust Fund as environmentally sensitiveand biologically highlyproductiveis adopted,arthropodcontrol activities shall beconductedonsuch lands onlywith the consentof the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement TrustFund. History.-s.14,ch.86-203;s.57,ch.91-221;s.18,ch.92-203;s.119,ch.96- 410;s.199,ch.99-13. Endangeredbatsfind haven atCoralGables golf course -06/27/2014 |MiamiHeraid.com 6/28/14,5:21 PM Miami Hetafo Posted on Fri,Jun.27,2014 Endangered bats find haven at Coral Gables golf course By Jenny Staletovich jstaletovich@MiamiHerald.com Giselle Hosein peers into the dark sky above a manicured fairway on the Coral Gables Granada Golf Course,tryinghardto see what she can so far only hear:an elusive Florida bonneted bat,among the rarest in the world. "It took me three or four months before I was actually able to see one,"she said. The bats,which number fewer than a thousand, have foundan unlikely foraging ground at the nine- hole course.Byday,the former orchard draws mostly duffers and retirees,or joggers cruising the perimeter past ritzyvillas and condos —lawyer Roy Black and wife Lea,of Real Housewives fame, livein one walled compound.Former Gov.Jeb Bush once occupied a condo.But atnight,the bats come out toplay,feasting on insects toa steady rhythm of trills and tweets. "When it gets dark,you hear them right next toyou,butyou can't see them,"saidHosein,a research assistant toa Florida International Universitybiologistandbat expert."It'slikeyourmind is playing tricks onyou." Then she sees it:adarkoutlinesoaringagainstwhitecloudsdottingthemidnightbluesky.Justas quickly,thebat vanishes.Yetitscalls—constant chirpstogetits bearings mingledwithchatter thatcouldsignal mates,pups orpredators—fill the muggy nightlikeamockingbirdonfast forward.Over the next hour,Hosein spots morebats,or the same one,a dozen times.A sound meter tucked intoaficustreeonthe course typicallyrecordsa thousand calls each night. Thebats,whichhavethe smallest rangeofanybat species inthe westernhemisphere,areoneof theNewWorld's most vulnerable,found mostly around South Florida.In November,U.S.wildlife managers added them to the endangered species list,citing both habitat loss and annual mosquito-spraying as critical threats. The government andbiologistsarenow trying todeterminewherethebatsliveandwhethertheir habitatcanbeprotected.Butthebatsaren'tcooperating. http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/27/v-print/4205816/endangered-bats-find-haven-at.html Page1 of 4 Endangered bats find haven atCoral Gables golf course -06/27/2014 |MiamlHerald.com 6/28/14,5:21 PM "We literally know nothing aboutthem.We know theyhavea low reproduction rate,butwe don't know how fast...or what they're eating,sowe don't know what to protect,"said Dr.Frank Ridgley, headof conservation and research atZoo Miami."Until weanswerthosequestions,it's hard to get a recovery plan." Despite yearsof study,finding natural roosts hasbeen difficult,making it hard for scientiststo scrutinize howthey live.Until last year,no roosts had been found since the 1970s.The single roost—discovered byabiologistlookingfor woodpeckers intreeholesatthe Avon ParkAir Force Basein Central Florida —containedasinglebat. "We're still finding outwhatwedo know and what we don't know.We haven't listened everywhere andwe might find itsomewhere else,"said Dana Hartley,supervisor ofthe endangered species program for theU.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,which plans on releasing a draft proposal addressing potentialhabitaton Sept.30. Thebats—officially Eumops floridanus or Eumops for short —showupmost frequently atthe golfcourseandsometimesnearZoo Miami.Biologists think thefuzzybats,with earsso round they form a brim-like bonnet,historically roosted in pine rocklands and wetlands that development shrunk over the years. A colony also roosts in several man-made bat houses in Punta Gorda and Fort Myers.Last year, two trained dogs from Auburn University spent 21 days hunting for roostsinSouth Florida,but only turned upasingle rice-sized bitofscatthata trainer keeps frozen,hoping to find a lab that can accurately test its DNA. Eumops also tendtobe sneaky.While other bats form massive colonies,leaving roosts in noisy, thunderingherds,the hamster-sized Eumopsmayliveinsmall,restlessharemsthatattachtoa singlemaleandfrequently change roosts. Scientists rely primarily on audio equipment to track batsbecausetheyareso hard tosee.Nets cancatch some bats,butonly those thatfly low.Eumopstendtocruiseatabout30feet.And some bats fly even higher.In Texas,ateam following a related species attachedbatdetectorstoa weather balloon totrackcoloniesfeedingoncloudsofmoths traveling atabout3,000feet,said Cyndi Marks,whofoundedtheTampa-based Florida BatConservancywithherhusband,George, in 1994. But until the 1990s,when digital technology allowed researchers to capture thedensely packed shortsoundwaves emitted bythebats,scientists didn't have equipment sophisticated enoughto record Eumops,she said. "Suddenlywehadthisnewequipmentthat could notonly record,but record onamemory card. So thenwecouldplugthecardintoour computers anddeterminethe species,"Markssaid. The first Eumopswas found in Miami in 1936.Aspotty chronology followed:alimestone outcroppingneartheUniversityof Miami housed acolonyinthe 1960s.In 1979,the first West CoastcolonyWas found ina wildlife managementarea in Punta Gorda.In 2000,asurvey in the Ten Thousand Islandspickedupfourcalls.Afteraskull was foundinthe Fakahatchee Strand, Marks managedto record some callsnearacampsite.The longest-monitored colonylivesin http.7/www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/27/v-print/4205816/endangered-bats-find-haven-aLhtml Page 2of4 Endangeredbats find havenatCoralGablesgolf course -06/27/2014 I MiamiHerald.com 6/28/14,5:21 PM three backyard bat houses erected in Lee County in 2003. The most reliable colony,and the one that provides the most evidence for study as well as the scat needed to train the search dogs,occupies about five roosts the state erected on the Punta Gorda wildlife land starting in 2007. "But we really want tofind natural colonies,"said Marks,who helped with the 2013 search efforts across Miami-Dade County and who,despite years of recording,has never heard the bats without a bat detector,a device that translates their calls for human ears. "Younger people can find them,"said Marks,who is 60 and was surprised tofind they could be heard so easily on the Granada golf course. Eumops are one of the few bats that can be heard,saidKirsten "Kisi"Bohn,the FIU biologist whose work on bat songs is featured in the current Science magazine.Butit depends on your ears.Women tend to hear higher frequencies than men —an evolutionary quirk that makes women more attuned toa baby's cries,she said. After federalwildlife managers agreed to speed uptheir endangered status review of the batin 2011,the raceto study Eumops was on.And that's when the bat-detecting dogs entered the picture. "I didnot have verygood expectations,"saidBartRogers,Auburn's EcoDogs trainer,whotaught histwolabs,Felix and Baxter,to hone inon guano from the PuntaGordabat houses. Rogers worriedthat the guano,shipped frozen,wouldnot accurately reflect scat in the wild.Sure enough,the dogs foundguano,but were never abletosniffout Eumops specifically.The closest they came toa Eumops was a single,grain-sized piece of scat at the bottom of tree inPunta Gorda,where researchers saw alargebat,presumably Eumops,flying away,hesaid. "Thedogsdon't lie,sowe probably found an actual roostsite.Wejusthavenowayof confirming it,"said Rogers,who scooped upthe guano andhas kept itfrozen ever since. As luckwould have it,Bohn,the FIU biologist,had moved toa house three blocks fromthe Granada GolfCourse in December 2012.Thesecond night,asshesat in her backyard drinking a glass of wine,she heard a familiar sound. "I went,'Holy crap,that's a bat,'"she said. Onceherequipment arrived atthenewhouse,Bohn verified whatherearswere telling her. "Assoonas I gotmyequipment,I went crazy.They're all overthe place,"shesaid. Bohn,whowas drawn tobats because shewasinterestedinstudying communication in mammals,isnow trying to coordinate additional research onthegolfcoursebats.FIU provided some start-upfunds,allowinghertobuythree additional song meters at$3,000 each.She and Hosein,whoexpectstograduatethissummer,haveso far putuptwointreesonthecourse.And she's working with a London biologist doing DNA analysis on what thebats eat,which will help determinetheir habitat.But she needs help. http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/27/v-print/4205816/endangered-bats-find-haven-at.html Page 3of4 Endangered bats find haven at Coral Cables golf course -06/27/2014 I MiamiHerald.com 6/28/14,5:21 PM "We know they roost in groups of four to 10,maybe 20.But that's a small group and you have to be in the right spotatthe right timetoseethem coming outof their roosting.It's elusive,"she said. Bohnhastoyed with theideaof holding abat night,in which volunteersarmed with iPhonesor iPads using an app called SpectrumView could be posted around the golf course to help locate the bats at dusk to pinpoint their roosts.In the meantime,she's asking for volunteers through her website,http://kisibohn.com/Kisi/Eumops_floridanus.html. "I don't know what they're doing yet,but they're basically talking to each other.They're not just echolocating,butthey're communicating toeachother while they fly,"she said."We would learn a ton more if we could find their roost sites." ©2014 Miami Herald Media Company.AllRights Reserved. http://www.miamiherald.com http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/27/v-print/4205816/endangered-bats-find-haven-athtml Page4of4 Schaus'swallowtail 6/25/14,11:43 AM •?«•:•'*<<f'?H^Vf'v CENTER for BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Because fife <s good. O O O O O O O HOME >CAMPAIGNS >ESA WORKS >PROFILE PAGES >SCHAUS'SWALLOWTAIL ABOUT *,*. ACTION PROGRAMS SPECIES NEWSROOM PUBLICATIONS '^(0k&\ Schaus'swallowtail ;]Schaus'swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus)occupied mature tropical hardwood hammocks from South |Miami to Lower Matecumbe Keyinthe Florida Keysin 1911.Habitat lossto housing developments,insecticide Ispraying,and overcollection extirpated thespecies from the mainland in 1924,and from the Lower andUpper IMatecumbeKeysinthe 1940s. jThespeciesis currently known from 13 areasonthe mainland andthe Upper and Middle Keys.Itoccurs from ;southern Miami-Dade Countythrough theKeysin Biscayne Bayandnorthtosouthern Key LargointheUpper Keys, ito Lower Matecumbe Key inthe Middle Keys.Itis concentrated intheinsular portions of Miami-Dade and Monroe jcounties,from Elliott Keyand associated smallerKeystocentralKeyLargo. .Several hundred Schaus's swallowtails could still be seen onregularbasisonnorthKeyLargoin 1972,butthe II species declined dramatically in 1973 when the local mosquito control district began sparying Dibrom and Baytex as ;mosquitoinsecticesinthekeys[1].It waslistedasa threatened species in1976,continuedtodecline,andwas iupgraded to endangered status in 1984.Bythattimeitwas reduced to less than70butterfliesonElliotandOld !Rhodes Key within Biscayne National Park and on north Key Largo [1].The 1988 population was 700-850 [6]. Hurricane Andrew devastatedthe Biscayne National Park stronghold in 1992,resulting inacountofjust57 butterflies ;in theParkandKeyLargo[1].Thepopulationbouncedbackto600by 1994 [2].Thecombinedeffectofa reintroduction program begunin approximatley 1993 andseveralyearsof normal rainfall helped the population to reachof high of 1,200-1,400 in 1996-1997 [1,4].Drought and Hurricane George hit south Florida in 1998,leaving a populationofjust350butterfliesin2001[3]and190-230in2004 [4]. [1]Danniels,J.C.and T.C.Emmel.2004.Florida Golf Courses Help Save Endangered Butterfly.Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online,3(11):1-7.http://usgatero.msu.edu/v03/n11.pdf http://vvvw.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/esa_works/profile_pages/Sc hausSwallowtailButterfly.html SUPPORT Page 1of2 Schaus'swallowtail 6/25/14.11:43 AM ;|t^j ranrio.ivi.iw»o.new nope lor me ocnaus owaiiowiai.cnuarigereo opeuies Duneun,voi.aai,no.<*. ||[3]Environmental Defense.2001.Cheeca Lodge Safe Harbor Agreement for the Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly. ji[4]Black.S.H.,and D.M.Vaughan.2005.Species Profile:Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus.In Shepherd.M.D., l!D.M.Vaughan.andS.H.Black (Eds).Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America.CD-ROM Version 1 (Mav H2005).y II Portland,OR:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. jj[5]USFWS.1999.Multi-species Recovery Plan for South Florida (Revision 5/18/99).U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, !!Atlanta,GA. j|[6]USFWS.1991.Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States. 11 http://www.fws.gOv/endangered/j/i/sai02.html jj[7]USFWS.1982.Recovery Plan for the Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly.U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.Atlanta. jj Georgia.57 pp. Back to previous page jj Photo credits Bannerphoto©PhillipCofla HOME/DONATENOW/SIGNUPFOR E-NETWORK /CONTACTUS/PHOTOUSE/E-MAILTHISPAGE http.7/vvww.biologicaldiversity.org/carnpaigns/esa_works/profile_pages/SchausSwallowtailButterfly.html Page2 of 2